Geography chapter 4 Test Flashcards
what are natural resources
things are found in total stock that people find useful
what is total stock?
all parts of the natural environment including energy, living organisms, and non-living materials
what are the four types of resources?
renewable resources, non-renewable resources, flow resources, other resources
difference between renewable and non renewable resources
renewable: -replenished my nature
non-renewable: -created by nature
-long time to create
-important categories fossil fuels (living) and minerals (non living)
strip mining
removal of surface layers to mine coal.
flow resources are… (2 + ex)
-constantly being produced by nature
-supply can not be damaged from human interference
-ex. sunlight, wind and water currents
other resources are…
-resources that do not fit into one of the other categories
-ex. tourism brings businesses to Canada (ex. Niagara falls)
how we use resources is a direct result on how we think about them. rethinking needs to happen among three groups:
individuals, companies, governments
rethinking by companies - by law, people who run companies have two responsibilities, which are…
- legal responsibility - maximize financial returns to their owners
- must obey the laws of the country and province in which they operate
what is the difference between carrot and stick in waste disposal?
carrot: reward. providing opportunities and incentives, such as tax rebates. ex. grant
stick: punishment. many don’t cooperate with recycling, so governments use laws for free changes.
ex. only one house can put 1 or 2 bags of garbage. if you want/need more you need to pay additional
what is the difference between carrot and stick in fuel economy?
carrot - publishing fuel consumption encourages automakers and consumers to go towards vehicles that minimize fuel usage
stick - laws and standards being set for fuel usage has changed, carbon tax
what is the balanced approach?
-conservation
-using resources wisely
-balance jobs and resources
are electric cars solving or just exporting the problem?
-exporting because they both contribute to climate change and have pros and cons. (neither are perfectly eco friendly)
-electric: lithium & cobalt extraction
-gas: air pollution/ green house gas emissions, oil spills
resource
anything that can be used to produce goods and services, such as raw materials workers, money, and land
open pit mining
drilling a very large and deep whole into the ground to mine minerals.
flow resources
resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost
conservation
the wise use of resources
mining the resource
exploiting any renewable resource in an unsustainable way
sustainable yeild management
-managing a renewable resource to ensure amount harvested does not cause depletion.
-the harvest is equal to or less than amount replenished
old-growth forest
a forest that has never been logged
aquaculture
fish farming
inshore fishery
commercial fishing carried out close to shore in small, independently owned boats
offshore fishery
commercial fishing carried out farther from shore in larger company-owned boats.
reserves
how much of a resource is thought to be in the ground, based on exploration to date
production
how much of a resource is being taken from the ground each year
oil sands/tar sands
deposits of sand containing a heavy form of crude oil called bitumen
fracking
a variety of techniques used to break up shale layers below the surface to liberate natural gas or oil that has been trapped. injecting a mixture of water, sand and dozens of chemicals in the well usually breaks up the rock.
ore
rock that contains valuable metallic minerals to make mining profitable
mineral reserve
a mineral reserve that can be mined profitably
globalization
something that is done global rather than local
knowledge-based industries
-manufacturing based on a well educated work force
-quaternary industries
free trade
international trade with tariffs or other barriers into trade
tariff
tax applied to imported goods to protect domestic manufactures by making foreign goods more expensive
basic job vs non basic
basic: job that brings money into economy from elsewhere ex. niagra falls
non-basic: job that circulates within an economy ex. hairdresser
where are things made today?
things are made in developing countries due to cheaper labor…
multiplier effect
increase in total wealth or income that occurs when new money is injected into an economy
difference between metallic and non metallic minerals
metallic: -metals ex. gold
non metallic: non metal ex. salt sand diamond
underground mining
using tunnels & shafts to extract oil and mineral ores.
primary industry
getting - taking natural resources from the earth and turning them into unfinished products
ex. mining steel
secondary industry
making - taking unfinished products and making them into finished products
ex. assembling steel and other products to make the car
tertiary industry
providing - provides services to businesses and customers
ex. finance, fuel
quaternary industry
knowledge - highly specialized knowledge based services.
ex. engineers that design cars
pros and cons of free trade (3e)
pros: -good for companies
-labor is cheap
-companies maximize costs and make profits
-few factories around world
cons: -not good for canadian workers
-not good for towns located near factories
-local economies suffer
