Science Exam Review Flashcards
what are the 7 periodic table families and list 3 properties of each (transition metals only 1) (rare earth metals/lanthanides + actinides 4)
- alkali metals (column 1)
-highly reactive
-malleable, ductile, conductors
-do not exist by themselves in nature - Alkaline earth metals (column 2)
- metallic
- very reactive but not as much as alkali
- do not exist by themselves in nature - halogens (column 17)
-non-metallic
-means “salt former” + form molecules and compounds
-exist in all three states of matter - Noble gases (column 18)
-outer valence shell is full
-very stable
-exist as single atoms in their elemental form - Transition metals (column 3 - 12)
-ductile, malleable, conductors of electricity & heat - rare earth metals (top of bottom 2 rows)
-also called kinithanide series
-hard to find high concentrations in nature
-used for their electric, magnetic, and ideal properties for lasers
-slow to react with water - actinides (bottom row of bottom 2)
-referred to as heavy metals
-all radioactive
-some are abundant and naturally occurring (uranium)
-some are synthetic
what are the 3 types of elements on the periodic table state..
-appearance
-state at room temperature
-other properties
metals (left side of periodic table)
-shiny
-solids at room temperature except for mercury
-soft, malleable, ductile, and bendable
-react with acids, conduct heat & electricity
non-metals (right side of periodic table)
-dull and brittle
-solids or gasses at room temperature (except for bromine)
-poor conductors of heat and electricity
metalloids (between metal and metalloids)
-shiny or dull in appearance
-solids at room temperature
-brittle
-may conduct electricity but are poor conductors of heat
for the element with the symbol “Mn” find the
-atomic number
-mass number
-number of protons
-number of neutrons
-number of electrons
manganese
an - 25
mn - 55
p - 25
n - 30
e - 25
atomic number?
mass number?
create a Bohr Rutherford (basic model of an atom) diagram for chlorine
-atomic mass: 35.45
-atomic number: 17
atomic number - number of protons in an atom
mass number - total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
17p 18n
Periods (rows) and Family (columns) on the periodic table. What they can tell us about an atom?
Families (columns)
-they have the same number of valence electrons in their outer shell
-there valence electrons orbits increase by one when going down the columns, thus they become more reactive on metals side and opposite for non-metals
Periods (rows)
-same number of electron orbits as you go across the rows
-atomic number increase by 1 as you go across the rows
Compounds, Molecules, Atoms, Elements
answer of the follower are atoms, lolecules, elements and/or compounds by creating a chart
Sulfur dioxide SO2
Chlorine gas Cl2
Silicon Si
elements are found on the periodic table and can either form an atom (single unit of an atom) or molecule (multiple units of an element O2).
atom - one single unit of an atom (he)
molecules are made up of 2 or more atoms (same or more) (O2)
compounds are two or more elements that are chemically joined (ex. CO2)
compounds can either be ionic or molecular
–> ionic compounds contain metal and non-metal atoms + form repeating crystals (ex.salt)
–> molecular compounds only contain elements that include only non-metal atoms. (ex. CO2)
SO2 N Y N Y
Cl2 N Y Y N
Si Y N Y N
using the periodic table, count the number of atoms for …
- CaBr2
2Mg3(PO2)2
a) calcium - 1
bromine - 2
total - 3 atoms
b) magnesium - 6
phosphorus - 4
oxygen - 16
total - 26
-evidence of physical evidence
-evidence of chemical evidence
physical (no new substance is formed)
-dissolving
-change the change
-cutting, breaking, ripping
chemical (new substance is formed)
-change in color
-gas forms
-change in temperature
-a solid forms from mixing 2 liquids
-irreversible change
Biosphere (lithosphere, hydrosphere, & atmosphere)
biosphere
-area on earth where life can exist
lithosphere
-rocky outer shell of earth made up of minerals
hydrosphere
-all water on earth (97% in ocean 3% ground, lakes, ice, and clouds)
atmosphere
-the layer of gases surrounding the earth (78% nitrogen 21& oxygen, also small amounts of argon, water, carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases. + filters the UV radiations
what is an ecosystem
all living organisms and their physical and chemical environment
photosynthesis & respiration
*reaction
photosynthesis: plants use the process to convert the suns energy into chemical energy for them to live
carbon dioxide + water + light energy = sugar + oxygen
respiration: animals and plants can use this process to create energy
sugar + oxygen = energy + water + carbon dioxide
Different Niche (roles) in an ecosystem
-producer (autotrophs)
-consumer (heterotroph)
-herbivore
-carnivore
-omnivore
-detritivore
-scavenger
-decomposer
-primary consumer
-secondary consumer
-tertiary consumer
-top carnivore
-producer (autotrophs) - creates its own food through photosynthesis
-consumer (heterotroph) - feeds on produces or other consumers for food
-herbivore - eats plants (deer)
-carnivore - eats meat (lion)
-omnivore - eats both plants and animals (bears)
-detritivore - animal that feeds on dead organic material (earthworms)
-scavenger - animal that eats dead plant and animal matter (crows)
-decomposer - turns dead things into fertile soil
-primary consumer - feeds on producers (deer)
-secondary consumer - feeds on primary consumer (spider)
-tertiary consumer - feeds on secondary consumers (hawks)
-top carnivore - flesh eating animal with no natural predators ex. alligators
grass–>rabbit–>fox–>coyote
consequence of climate change
-unstable adaptation. if the climate changes quickly, organisms don’t have enough time to adapt to new conditions and may no longer be able to survive.
-natural disasters. climate change disrupts weather patterns and causes extreme weather events to become more common. these include hurricane activity, droughts, and floods.
-rises sea levels. destroying coastal regions and displacing populations
What compounds in the earth’s atmosphere are Greenhouse Gases?
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapor (H20)
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
biotic factors: living things, their remains, and features associated with their activities (ex. trees, insects)
abiotic: non living living physical and chemical components of an ecosystem (ex. light, temperature, soil)
Static Electricity (What causes static cling?)
is the build up of negative charge.
Electrostatic Series
also one to which material will gain or loose electrons by charging by friction.
Difference between a conductor and insulator (examples of each)
conductor (metals like copper) allows electrons to move freely whereas insulators (like plastic, wood, styrofoam) do not allow electrons to move easily.
Current, Potential Difference, Resistance, Energy
-current is the flow of charge past a point, measured using amps, and symbol is I
-potential difference: difference in potential energy, using vols, symbol is v
-resistance: something that slows the flow of electrons in a circuit, measured in ohms, symbol is R
-energy is measured in joules
Current Electricity
refers to electrical charges (electrons) that flow through a in a controlled way
Parts of a circuit (power supply, connecting wires, load, and switch). What is their purpose in a circuit?
A power supply that provides the electric current, such as a battery or a generator.
A conductor that carries the current through the circuit, such as a wire or a metal strip.
A load that resists the current and converts electrical energy into another form of energy, such as light, heat, or sound, such as a lamp, a motor, or a speaker.
A switch that turns the current on and off, or closes and opens the circuit, such as a button, a lever, or a knob.
Series vs. Parallel Circuits (What are their properties? Solve these circuits with math).
series:
-electrons only have 1 pathway to follow meaning if 1 of the loads don’t work the whole circuit won’t
parallel:
-electrons have multiple pathways so if one load works the whole circuit may still work
Ohm’s Law using GRASP
R = v/I
do practice questions :)
Efficiency (calculate)
efficiency = Eout/Ein x 100 (%)
do practice questions :)
Energy transformations
Energy Sources used to generate electricity in Ontario (pros and cons)
hydroelectric
-water pressure from penstock spins generator
pros: not enough suitable locations
cons: disrupts fish migration
tidal
-strong tidal currents rotate generator
pros: no pollution
cons: disrupts flow of living things in ocean
thermal - fossil fuels
-coal is burned and steam turns turbine
pro: cheap fuel
con: pollution from smoke or fumes
thermal - nuclear
- heat is generated by nuclear fission which boils water and creates steam to spin the turbine
pro: lots of energy for little fuel
con: very expensive
thermal- biomass
-burns organic materials in combustion chamber to produce steam to turn turbine
pro: reduction of CO2 emissions
con: can cause soil degration
geothermal
-water is injected into drilled wells to extract heat from earths core, creating steam
pro: does not produce greenhouse gas emissions
con: may be expensive
wind
-wind causes blades of turbine to rotate which is connected to a rotor, that is connected to a shaft to spin the generator
pro: clean & renewable energy source
con: can pose a risk to birds
solar
-solar panels absorb sunlight and converts it into electricity
pro: renewable
con: high cost of installation
Light pollution and the impact on viewing the night sky
light pollution does not allow us to see the night sky fully, and the celestial objects.
Parts of the sun
-Our sun is made mainly of two chemical
elements hydrogen (73%) and helium (25%).
Core – where the process of fusion
takes place, this provides the sun with
energy (Temp. of 15 000 000°C).
Photosphere – Region where the
sun’s light originates
(Temp. of 6000°C)
Chromosphere – Above the
Photosphere area where temperature
begins to increase again.
Corona – The solar atmosphere
surrounding the sun. Radiant energy
is released from here into space.
(Temp. of 1 000 000°C)
Asteroids (Where are they located in our solar system?)
large chunks of rock and most are found in a “belt: between the planets mars and Jupiter
Measurements in Astronomy (lightyears and astronomical units)
distance between planets are measured in astronomical units
light year is the distance light travels in a year
Order of the planets from the sun
mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
What is a comet?
a comet is made up of rocks, dust, and ice
what are characteristics features of the Earth that allow life? How is this different from other planets?
-moon stabilizes the planets wobble on its axis, creating a stable, livable climate
-goldilocks zone: not to hot or cold from the sun
-atmosphere: filters UV radiation which keeps the temperatures in a range that supports life
-presence of water: covers 70% of the earth
