Diabetes test review Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of diabetes

A

type 1, type 2, gestational

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2
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

-Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas.
-Leads to little or no insulin production.
-Requires lifelong insulin therapy.
-Typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.

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3
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

-The body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin.
-Often linked to obesity and lifestyle factors.
-Managed with lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin.

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4
Q

gestational diabetes

A

-Develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes affecting insulin use.
-Increases the risk of Type 2 Diabetes later in life.
-Managed with diet, exercise, and sometimes insulin.

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5
Q

management of diabetes (5)

A

-Healthy diet (low sugar, high fiber, balanced meals).
-Regular physical activity.
-Blood sugar monitoring.
-Medications (insulin, oral hypoglycemics).
-Education and self-care practices.

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6
Q

diabetes complications: foot ulcers

A

-Poor circulation and nerve damage (neuropathy) slow healing.
-Increased risk of infections and amputations.
-Prevention: Proper foot care, regular exams, blood sugar control.

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7
Q

the 2 P’s (symptoms of diabetes)

A
  1. Polyuria – Frequent urination.
  2. Polydipsia – Excessive thirst.
  3. Polyphagia – Increased hunger.
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8
Q

prediabetes

A

-Blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for diabetes diagnosis.
-Can be reversed with lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, weight loss).

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9
Q

A1C and Normal Blood Glucose Readings

A

A1C Test: Measures average blood sugar over 2-3 months.
-Normal: Below 5.7%
-Prediabetes: 5.7% - 6.4%
-Diabetes: 6.5% or higher
Normal Fasting Blood Glucose: 70-99 mg/dL

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10
Q

symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

A

Shakiness, sweating, dizziness, confusion, hunger, irritability, blurred vision, fainting.

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11
Q

Additional Symptoms of Diabetes/Risk Factors

A

-Obesity is a major risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes.
-Prevention: Healthy diet, exercise, weight management, reducing sugar intake.

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12
Q

insulin

A

-A hormone that regulates blood sugar.
-Produced by beta cells in the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans).

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13
Q

Role of the Liver and Pancreas in Blood Glucose Control

A

-Pancreas: Releases insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar).

-Liver: Stores glucose as glycogen and releases glucose when needed.

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14
Q

glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by breaking down glycogen in the liver.

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15
Q

Endogenous vs. Exogenous Insulin

A

Endogenous Insulin: Insulin produced naturally by the pancreas.

Exogenous Insulin: Insulin injected or administered externally.

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16
Q

Anatomy vs. Physiology

A

Anatomy: Study of body structures.

Physiology: Study of body functions.

17
Q

Organization from Chemicals to Organism Level

A
  1. Chemicals/Atoms
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ Systems
  6. Organism
18
Q

Circulatory

A

Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients.

19
Q

respiratory

A

Oxygen intake, carbon dioxide removal.

20
Q

digestive

A

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients.

21
Q

edocrine

A

Hormone regulation.

22
Q

nervous

A

controls body functions

23
Q

skeletal

A

supports and projects organs

24
Q

muscular

A

movement and posture

25
urinary
removes waste, balances fluids
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reproductive
produces offspring
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immune
protects against disease
28
integumentary (skin)
protects the body, regulates temperature
29
functions needed to sustain life
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
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Homeostasis and its components
The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment. Components: -Sensor/Receptor: Detects changes. -Control Center: Processes information. -Effector: Responds to restore balance.
31
Negative & Positive Feedback
-Negative Feedback: getting body back to normal -can result to positive if not treated and becomes excessive, thus creating disease, disorders, ect. Example: Blood sugar regulation (insulin lowers, glucagon raises). -Positive Feedback: exaggeration of the body's efforts to get back to normal Example: Childbirth (oxytocin increases contractions).
32