Diabetes test review Flashcards
3 types of diabetes
type 1, type 2, gestational
type 1 diabetes
-Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas.
-Leads to little or no insulin production.
-Requires lifelong insulin therapy.
-Typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.
type 2 diabetes
-The body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin.
-Often linked to obesity and lifestyle factors.
-Managed with lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin.
gestational diabetes
-Develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes affecting insulin use.
-Increases the risk of Type 2 Diabetes later in life.
-Managed with diet, exercise, and sometimes insulin.
management of diabetes (5)
-Healthy diet (low sugar, high fiber, balanced meals).
-Regular physical activity.
-Blood sugar monitoring.
-Medications (insulin, oral hypoglycemics).
-Education and self-care practices.
diabetes complications: foot ulcers
-Poor circulation and nerve damage (neuropathy) slow healing.
-Increased risk of infections and amputations.
-Prevention: Proper foot care, regular exams, blood sugar control.
the 2 P’s (symptoms of diabetes)
- Polyuria – Frequent urination.
- Polydipsia – Excessive thirst.
- Polyphagia – Increased hunger.
prediabetes
-Blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for diabetes diagnosis.
-Can be reversed with lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, weight loss).
A1C and Normal Blood Glucose Readings
A1C Test: Measures average blood sugar over 2-3 months.
-Normal: Below 5.7%
-Prediabetes: 5.7% - 6.4%
-Diabetes: 6.5% or higher
Normal Fasting Blood Glucose: 70-99 mg/dL
symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Shakiness, sweating, dizziness, confusion, hunger, irritability, blurred vision, fainting.
Additional Symptoms of Diabetes/Risk Factors
-Obesity is a major risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes.
-Prevention: Healthy diet, exercise, weight management, reducing sugar intake.
insulin
-A hormone that regulates blood sugar.
-Produced by beta cells in the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans).
Role of the Liver and Pancreas in Blood Glucose Control
-Pancreas: Releases insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar).
-Liver: Stores glucose as glycogen and releases glucose when needed.
glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by breaking down glycogen in the liver.
Endogenous vs. Exogenous Insulin
Endogenous Insulin: Insulin produced naturally by the pancreas.
Exogenous Insulin: Insulin injected or administered externally.
Anatomy vs. Physiology
Anatomy: Study of body structures.
Physiology: Study of body functions.
Organization from Chemicals to Organism Level
- Chemicals/Atoms
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
Circulatory
Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients.
respiratory
Oxygen intake, carbon dioxide removal.
digestive
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients.
edocrine
Hormone regulation.
nervous
controls body functions
skeletal
supports and projects organs
muscular
movement and posture
urinary
removes waste, balances fluids
reproductive
produces offspring
immune
protects against disease
integumentary (skin)
protects the body, regulates temperature
functions needed to sustain life
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
Homeostasis and its components
The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Components:
-Sensor/Receptor: Detects changes.
-Control Center: Processes information.
-Effector: Responds to restore balance.
Negative & Positive Feedback
-Negative Feedback: getting body back to normal
-can result to positive if not treated and becomes excessive, thus creating disease, disorders, ect.
Example: Blood sugar regulation (insulin lowers, glucagon raises).
-Positive Feedback: exaggeration of the body’s efforts to get back to normal
Example: Childbirth (oxytocin increases contractions).
