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STEM FIRST & SECOND SEMESTER TFUCS > GENERAL BIOLOGY II (Part I) > Flashcards

GENERAL BIOLOGY II (Part I) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Genetic Engineering?

A
  • the activities of governments concerning the political relations between countries
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2
Q

involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the traits of a target organism.

A

Genetic Engineering

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3
Q

Introduction of new traits into an organism as to the enhancement of present traits.

A

Genetic Engineering

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4
Q

Genetic Engineering involves 2 Techniques :

A

Classical Breeding
Recombinant DNA Technology

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5
Q

An organism which has foreign DNA integrated into its genetic material.

A

Genetically Modified Organisms

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6
Q

What is the first process on the Recombinant DNA?

A

Cutting or Cleavage of DNA by Restriction Enzymes

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7
Q

What is the second process on the Recombinant DNA?

A

Selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle

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8
Q

A ___________is a circular piece of DNA in a bacterium.

A

plasmid

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9
Q

Needed to transfer a gene into a host cell.

A

Vector

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10
Q

What is the third process of Recombinant DNA?

A

Ligation of the gene of interest with the vector

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11
Q

What is the fourth process of Recombinant DNA?

A

Transfer of the recombinant DNA into a host cell

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12
Q

What is the fifth process of Recombinant DNA?

A

Selection Process

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13
Q

What is the sixth process of Recombinant DNA?

A

Sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein.

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14
Q

What are the 3 Ways on introducing recombinant DNA

A

Biolistic
Plasmid Insertion by Heat Shock Treatment
Electroporation

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15
Q

4 History of Earth (Geological Time)

A

Eons
Eras
Periods
Epoch

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16
Q

What is the thing that is used to know how old the rock is?

A

Radioactive Dating

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17
Q

3 Era’s in Precambrian Life

A

Hadean Era
Archean Era
Proterozoic Era

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18
Q

88% of the Earth History

A

Precambrian Life

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19
Q

transformed from a ball of gas and dust to liquid rock enveloped with hot, non-breathable gases mostly composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfur.

A

Precambrian Life

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20
Q

A single- cell ____________ existed

A

Cyanobacteria

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21
Q

____________ rocks dated 3.5 million years ago.

A

Archaean Rocks

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22
Q

What is the First animal that existed in the Precambrian Period?

A

Coronacollina Acula

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23
Q

Movement of Tectonic Plates

A

Latter Part of Precambrian Period

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24
Q

Core and atmosphere cooled down

A

Latter Part of Precambrian Period

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25
Q

Aerobic eukaryotes

A

Latter Part of Precambrian Period

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26
Q

Rodinia

A

Latter Part of Precambrian Period

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27
Q

Known as old life 540 million years ago and lasted for more than 300 million years.

A

Paleozoic Era (Old life)

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28
Q

Cambrian,

A

Paleozoic Era

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29
Q

Ordovician,

A

Paleozoic Era

30
Q

Silurian,
Devonian,
Carboniferous
Permian.

A

Paleozoic Era

31
Q

Devonian,

A

Paleozoic Era

32
Q

Carboniferous

A

Paleozoic Era

33
Q

Permian.

A

Paleozoic Era

34
Q

Laurasia & Gondwana

A

Paleozoic Era

35
Q

Largest mass extinction in history occurred:
90% marine animal species
70% land animals

A

Glaciation

36
Q

It started 245 million years ago and lasted for 180 million years.

A

Mesozoic Era

37
Q

It is subdivided into three periods; (Mesozoic Era)

A

Triassic,
Jurassic
Cretaceous periods

38
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Mesozoic Era

39
Q

Dinosaurs and Birds

A

Mesozoic Era

40
Q

Why did Dinosaurs leave earth?

A

Collision of asteroid and comets

41
Q

This era started 65 million years ago and continues up to the present time.

A

Cenozoic Era “Recent Life”

42
Q

Cenozoic Era “Recent Life” 3 Periods

A

Paleogene
Neogene
Quaternary

43
Q

Age of mammals

A

Cenozoic Era

44
Q

This era is the development and proliferation of 2 mammals.

A

Cenozoic Era

45
Q

2 Mammals

A

Artiodactyles
Perissodactyles

46
Q

First Hominids appeared

A

Cenozoic Era

47
Q

This era was significantly affected by the major extinction event that occurred between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago with 2 factors:

A

Cenozoic Era

48
Q

2 Factors of Cenozoic Era

A

Melting Glaciers
Overkilling by Paleolithic Hunters

49
Q

As climatic differentiation increased

A

Cenozoic Era

50
Q

Flowers became more and more provincial

A

Cenozoic Era

51
Q

Grasses also increased

A

Cenozoic Era

52
Q

What are the processes of evolution that were proposed by some famous Scientist?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Published a book that detailed the mechanism of evolution.

53
Q

What are the 5 Theories of Evolution?

A

Natural Selection
Mutation
Gene Drift
Gene flow
Recombinant DNA

54
Q

3 PRINCIPLES of NATURAL SELECTION

A

The characteristics of organisms are inherited, or passed from parent to offspring.
More offspring are produced than are able to survive (resources for survival and reproduction are limited).
Offspring vary among each other in regard to their characteristics and those variations are inherited.

55
Q

Name of the book made by Charles Darwin

A

Descent with Modification (1859)

56
Q

_____________can only take place if there is variation, or differences among individuals in a population.

A

Natural selection

57
Q

a heritable trait that aids the survival and reproduction of an organism in its present environment.

A

Adaptation

58
Q

2 types of Mutation

A

Phenotype
Genotype

59
Q

Appearance of an organism as distinguished from its genetic makeup.

A

Phenotype

60
Q

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

A

Genotype

61
Q

This is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene. The __________ is a source of new alleles in the population.

A

Mutation

62
Q

______________ is the ultimate source of genetic variation in all populations

A

Mutation

63
Q

3 Outcomes or effects of a mutation:

A

It may affect the phenotype of organism in a way that gives it reduced fitness- lower likelihood of survival, resulting in fewer offspring.
It may produce a phenotype with a beneficial effect on fitness.
Neutral mutations will have no effect on fitness.

64
Q

It is simply the effect of change. Another way a population’s allele can change

A

Genetic Drift

65
Q

________________ in a population can lead to the elimination of an allele from a population by chance.

A

Genetic drift

66
Q

Genetic drift can also be magnified by natural or human-caused events. (2)

A

Bottle Neck
Founder Effect

67
Q

results in a large portion of genes suddenly being wiped out

A

Bottleneck Effect

68
Q

when the genetic structure matches that of new population’s founding fathers and mothers

A

Founder Effect

69
Q

The flow of alleles in and out of the population resulting from the migration of individuals.

A

Gene Flow

70
Q

It occurs during meiosis when chromosomes exchange genes.

A

Recombination

STEM FIRST & SECOND SEMESTER TFUCS (50 decks)

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