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STEM FIRST & SECOND SEMESTER TFUCS > GENERAL BIOLOGY II (Part I) > Flashcards

GENERAL BIOLOGY II (Part I) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Genetic Engineering?

A
  • the activities of governments concerning the political relations between countries
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2
Q

involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the traits of a target organism.

A

Genetic Engineering

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3
Q

Introduction of new traits into an organism as to the enhancement of present traits.

A

Genetic Engineering

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4
Q

Genetic Engineering involves 2 Techniques :

A

Classical Breeding
Recombinant DNA Technology

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5
Q

An organism which has foreign DNA integrated into its genetic material.

A

Genetically Modified Organisms

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6
Q

What is the first process on the Recombinant DNA?

A

Cutting or Cleavage of DNA by Restriction Enzymes

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7
Q

What is the second process on the Recombinant DNA?

A

Selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle

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8
Q

A ___________is a circular piece of DNA in a bacterium.

A

plasmid

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9
Q

Needed to transfer a gene into a host cell.

A

Vector

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10
Q

What is the third process of Recombinant DNA?

A

Ligation of the gene of interest with the vector

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11
Q

What is the fourth process of Recombinant DNA?

A

Transfer of the recombinant DNA into a host cell

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12
Q

What is the fifth process of Recombinant DNA?

A

Selection Process

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13
Q

What is the sixth process of Recombinant DNA?

A

Sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein.

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14
Q

What are the 3 Ways on introducing recombinant DNA

A

Biolistic
Plasmid Insertion by Heat Shock Treatment
Electroporation

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15
Q

4 History of Earth (Geological Time)

A

Eons
Eras
Periods
Epoch

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16
Q

What is the thing that is used to know how old the rock is?

A

Radioactive Dating

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17
Q

3 Era’s in Precambrian Life

A

Hadean Era
Archean Era
Proterozoic Era

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18
Q

88% of the Earth History

A

Precambrian Life

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19
Q

transformed from a ball of gas and dust to liquid rock enveloped with hot, non-breathable gases mostly composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfur.

A

Precambrian Life

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20
Q

A single- cell ____________ existed

A

Cyanobacteria

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21
Q

____________ rocks dated 3.5 million years ago.

A

Archaean Rocks

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22
Q

What is the First animal that existed in the Precambrian Period?

A

Coronacollina Acula

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23
Q

Movement of Tectonic Plates

A

Latter Part of Precambrian Period

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24
Q

Core and atmosphere cooled down

A

Latter Part of Precambrian Period

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25
Aerobic eukaryotes
Latter Part of Precambrian Period
26
Rodinia
Latter Part of Precambrian Period
27
Known as old life 540 million years ago and lasted for more than 300 million years.
Paleozoic Era (Old life)
28
Cambrian,
Paleozoic Era
29
Ordovician,
Paleozoic Era
30
Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous Permian.
Paleozoic Era
31
Devonian,
Paleozoic Era
32
Carboniferous
Paleozoic Era
33
Permian.
Paleozoic Era
34
Laurasia & Gondwana
Paleozoic Era
35
Largest mass extinction in history occurred: 90% marine animal species 70% land animals
Glaciation
36
It started 245 million years ago and lasted for 180 million years.
Mesozoic Era
37
It is subdivided into three periods; (Mesozoic Era)
Triassic, Jurassic Cretaceous periods
38
Gymnosperms
Mesozoic Era
39
Dinosaurs and Birds
Mesozoic Era
40
Why did Dinosaurs leave earth?
Collision of asteroid and comets
41
This era started 65 million years ago and continues up to the present time.
Cenozoic Era “Recent Life”
42
Cenozoic Era “Recent Life” 3 Periods
Paleogene Neogene Quaternary
43
Age of mammals
Cenozoic Era
44
This era is the development and proliferation of 2 mammals.
Cenozoic Era
45
2 Mammals
Artiodactyles Perissodactyles
46
First Hominids appeared
Cenozoic Era
47
This era was significantly affected by the major extinction event that occurred between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago with 2 factors:
Cenozoic Era
48
2 Factors of Cenozoic Era
Melting Glaciers Overkilling by Paleolithic Hunters
49
As climatic differentiation increased
Cenozoic Era
50
Flowers became more and more provincial
Cenozoic Era
51
Grasses also increased
Cenozoic Era
52
What are the processes of evolution that were proposed by some famous Scientist?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Published a book that detailed the mechanism of evolution.
53
What are the 5 Theories of Evolution?
Natural Selection Mutation Gene Drift Gene flow Recombinant DNA
54
3 PRINCIPLES of NATURAL SELECTION
The characteristics of organisms are inherited, or passed from parent to offspring. More offspring are produced than are able to survive (resources for survival and reproduction are limited). Offspring vary among each other in regard to their characteristics and those variations are inherited.
55
Name of the book made by Charles Darwin
Descent with Modification (1859)
56
_____________can only take place if there is variation, or differences among individuals in a population.
Natural selection
57
a heritable trait that aids the survival and reproduction of an organism in its present environment.
Adaptation
58
2 types of Mutation
Phenotype Genotype
59
Appearance of an organism as distinguished from its genetic makeup.
Phenotype
60
The genetic constitution of an individual organism.
Genotype
61
This is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene. The __________ is a source of new alleles in the population.
Mutation
62
______________ is the ultimate source of genetic variation in all populations
Mutation
63
3 Outcomes or effects of a mutation:
It may affect the phenotype of organism in a way that gives it reduced fitness- lower likelihood of survival, resulting in fewer offspring. It may produce a phenotype with a beneficial effect on fitness. Neutral mutations will have no effect on fitness.
64
It is simply the effect of change. Another way a population’s allele can change
Genetic Drift
65
________________ in a population can lead to the elimination of an allele from a population by chance.
Genetic drift
66
Genetic drift can also be magnified by natural or human-caused events. (2)
Bottle Neck Founder Effect
67
results in a large portion of genes suddenly being wiped out
Bottleneck Effect
68
when the genetic structure matches that of new population’s founding fathers and mothers
Founder Effect
69
The flow of alleles in and out of the population resulting from the migration of individuals.
Gene Flow
70
It occurs during meiosis when chromosomes exchange genes.
Recombination

STEM FIRST & SECOND SEMESTER TFUCS (50 decks)

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