General Biology (2ND SEM - Part II) Last Examination Flashcards
5 Evidences of Evolution
Fossils
Embryology
Anatomical Evidences
Biochemical
Biogeography
are preserved remnants of once living organisms trapped in rocks, tar pits, frozen in ice or embedded in amber.
Fossils
are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth’s surface.
Sedimentary Rocks
____________________ often have distinctive layering or bedding.
Sedimentary rocks
a specialist in the study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times
Paleontologist
How to identify the specific age of rocks? (2 items)
Relative Dating
Absolute Dating
Who identify the specific date of rocks?
Geologist
Geologist uses __________________ were dated by their position with respect to one another; rocks in deeper strata are generally older.
Relative Dating rocks
the process of determining if one rock or geologic event is older or younger than another, without knowing their specific ages.
Relative Dating
____________ a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.
Strata
Rocks are dated by measuring the degree of decay of certain radioisotopes contained in the rock.
Absolute Dating
can be found on living rocks
Stable Isotopes
What process are used in Absolute Dating?
Radioactive
If there are a lot of ___________ that is the age of the rocks
Stable Isotopes
Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants. In animals that have a backbone or spinal column, this stage lasts from shortly after fertilization until all major body parts appear.
Embryology
Is an organism in its initial phase of development
Embryology
Initial form of life
Embryology
Found in Embryo
Supporting Dorsal Rod
It serves asa source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues and as a major skeletal element of the developing embryo.
Notochord
produce tissues necessary for hearing, calcium homeostasis, and adequate immune response
Pharyngeal Pouches
Major formation of Skeletal System
Notochord
The more body structures that two species have in common, the more closely they are related.
Anatomical Evidences
Anatomical Evidences adopts the idea of?
Descent form a common ancestor
Similar structures in different species regardless of their functions
Homologous Structure
are structures which are different in appearance but have the similar function.
Analogous Structure
show thatsimilar selective pressures can produce similar adaptations(beneficial features),
Analogous Structure
are anatomical features that are usually reduced and have no function in many organisms
Vestigial Structure
3 Anatomical Structure
Homologous Structure
Analogous Structure
Vestigial Structure
an organ or structure that is degenerated or atrophied and seemingling loss its original function through the course of evolution.
Vestige
Vestigial pertains to a __________
vestige
Living organisms shared numerous related ____________ molecules, such as DNA, ATP, amino acids, and enzymes.
Biochemical
Related to the Biochemical Molecules (4 Items)
DNA, ATP, amino acids, and enzymes.
is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Phylogenetic Tree
2 Majors of Biochemical Molecules
DNA/ Nucleic Acids
Protein
Genes are located in the chromosomes, which are made of DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA/ Nucleic Acids
The pattern of branching in a _____________ reflects how species or other groups evolved from a series of common ancestors. In trees, two species are more related if they have a more recent common ancestor and less related if they have a less recent common ancestor.
phylogenetic tree
___________are molecules that are used to build up and repair body parts
Proteins
________________ is the study of the geographic distributions of organisms.
Biogeography
Anatomical features shared between organisms can indicate a shared evolutionary ancestry.
Anatomy and Embryology
It is said that physical characteristics shared due to evolutionary history.
Homologous
Structural homologies, similarities may reflect shared evolutionary ancestry between biological molecules.
Molecular Biology
Is a technique used to separate DNA Fragments according to their side
Gel Electrophoresis
Used to match DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
___________ is the science of organizing and categorizing living organisms into classes called taxa.
Taxonomy
is the study of the diversification of life forms over time, both past and present, and their relationships with other species.
Systematics
Also referred to as Linnaean system after the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, Zoologist, and doctor uses a hierarchal model.
Taxonomic Classification
There are 3 Species in terms of Starting the Hierarchal Model
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archae
(multicellular, eukaryotes)
Domain Eukarya
(organisms that can move on their own)
Kingdom Animalia
(Animals with backbones)
Phylum Chordata
(Animals in which the young are nourished with milk specially in mammary gland)
Class Mammalia
(Mammals with grasping fingers)
Order Primata
(Primates with relative flat faces and 3 dimensional vision)
Family of Hominidae
(Hominids with upright position and large brain)
Genus Homo
(Members of genus homo with a high forehead and notably thin skull)
Homo Sapiens
Study of relationships and their evolutionary development among different group
Phylogeny
Tree of Life by Darwin
Phylogenetic tree
In order to find out their ancestors, Charles Darwin made an
Phylogenetic Tree
In phylogeny, __________ represents a taxon or a common ancestor for a set of taxa
Node
A genetic name for taxonomic group
Taxon
The common ancestor
Root Node
No successor, ain’t going to develop
Leaf Node
May successor depend on adaptation
Internal Node
2 Types of Phylogenetic Tree
Rooted Phylogenetic Tree
Unrooted Phylogenetic Tree
Most common way to integrate information
Cladistics
grouping = called __________
Cladistics
In _________ = Established Cladistics
1950’s Willi Hennig
Cladistics is derived from the term ______
Clade
Is a collection of descendants from ancestors
Clade
Can be separated into two : 2 Classification of Clades
Monophyletic Group
Non - Monophyletic Group
3 Types of Clade
Monophyletic Group
Paraphyletic Group
Polyphyletic Group
One Ancestor
Monophyletic Group
Side Ancestor
Paraphyletic Group
Many Ancestors
Polyphyletic Group
Different body structures, same function
Analogous
