GENERAL

Question 1

what type of patients are at higher risk of infective endocarditis?

Answer 1

Prosthetic heart valves.
A history of previous infective endocarditis.
Certain congenital heart defects.
Valvular heart disease.
Heart transplant recipients with valvular disease.

Question 2

Name and describe congenital bleeding disorders?

Answer 2

haemophillia (deficiency of clotting factors 8 or 9)
von williebrands disease (deficiency of von williebrand factor - platelet adhesion and clot formation)

Question 3

Name acquired bleeding disorders?

Answer 3

vitamin K deficiency - affects clotting factors 2,7,9,10
liver disease - impairs clotting factor production

Question 4

name 2 conditions which are diseases of the liver?

Answer 4

cirrhosis
hepatitis

Question 5

what stage of development is ideal for growth modification treatments in ortho?

Answer 5

pubertal growth spurt: 10-14 years

Question 6

what is the routine stain used to assess histological features?

Answer 6

hematoxylin and eosin (H+E)

Question 7

what is the histological term used to describe nuclei placed in towards middle of the cell? and what pathology is this present in?

Answer 7

reversed polarity
ameloblastoma

Question 8

what are 2 of the most common differentials of lesions found in the posterior mandible?

Answer 8

ameloblastoma (benign tumour)
odontogenic keratocyst

Question 9

how does the treatment of ameloblastoma and OKC differ?

Answer 9

ameloblastoma - excision with 1cm margins
OKC - enucleate/ marsipulate/ additional cryotherapy

Question 10

what is the profound difference in symptoms of ameloblastoma and OKC?

Answer 10

ameloblastoma tends to grow more 3D so swelling is noticeable whereas OKC will grow laterally first and not become noticeable until progressed

Question 11

what is the most common salivary gland tumour?

Answer 11

pleomorphic adenoma

Question 12

where is pleomorphic adenoma found?

Answer 12

parotid area

Question 13

what cancer is HPV associated with?

Answer 13

oropharyngeal cancer