gender Flashcards
impact of feminism
mcrobbie - changes in the content of women’s magazines
girls’ changing ambitions - highlight gender inequalities to make government and schools combat patriarchy
changes in women’s employment
1970 equal pay act - 30% to 9% in 2020 according to financial times
1975 sex discrimination act
girls see a future in paid work
- however gender pay gap still remains
changes in family structure
divorce rate now 42% - large increase in cohabitation
sharpe increase in single parent families - 90% run by mum
families are smaller
women take on breadwinner role
girls changing ambitions
sue sharpe - carried out a study in 1970s and 1990s
1970s - girls wanted to get married and have a family
1990s - girls wanted a career and family later on
beck and beck-gernsheim - individualism and independence
girls mature faster
girls are more likely to view exams in responsible way
- feminists criticise as leads to society infantilising men when comes to domestic responsibilities
- benevolent sexism 0 make assumptions
gendered socialisation
norman - parents think appropriate socialisation for a girl is gentle and quiet - more likely to read with girls
girls more likely to succeed in education in terms of behaviour and language skills
globalisation, employment opportunities and male identities
decline in male jobs - crisis of masculinity
mac an ghaill - working class boys - crisis
boys lack motitivation for working - impacts w/c
leisure patterns
mcrobbie
- boys play sports and play computer games
- girls talk - bedroom culture
boys fail to develop linguistic and reasoning skills required
socialisation and different attitudes to reading
feminised
boys stop being interested in reading at around 8
reading is crucial for success at school due to the cultural capital and development of elaborated speech code - (bernstein)
evaluating external factors
link together
- decline of manufacturing and crisis only affects w/c but m/c girls outperform m/c boys so unlikely explanation
- difficult to measure impact of feminism - could be due to technology
- gender pay gap still exists
- interactionists - in-school processes eg teacher labelling and bullying have bigger impact
- radical feminists - emphasis the importance of institutional sexism within schools
teacher labelling
swann and graddol - tachers see boys and unruly
abraham - typical boy - not bright and typical girl - bright
male teachers stricter towards girls when they act out
teachers more likely to extend deadlines for boys and have lower expectations
subcultures
willis - learning to labour
sewell - black boys formed anti-school subcultures
fuller - black girls formed pro-school subcultures
school work seen as girly
national curriculum
when gcses introduced - girls overtook boys
Mitsos and browne - girls benefit from coursework because they work harder and spend more time on homework
girls better at oral exams
evidence that coursework effects - maths coursework dropped and boys overtook girls
- coursework no longer exists in majority of gcse subjects and gender gap still exists
- exam most influence on final grades
feminisation of teaching
not enough male teachers - learning styles of girls
browne and ross - girls see school as their gender domain
yougov - 42% of 8-11 year old boys said a male teacher made them work harder
sewell - schools dont nurture masculine traits
- francis - 2/3s of 7-8 year olds believe gender of teacher does not matter
boys’ overconfidence
barber - boys overestimate their ability and girls underestimate theirs
boys more likely to think they can achieve in exam with putting much effort
blame teacher for failures
evaluations of internal factors
good counter-balance
major impact on social policy eg teacher training
interactionists - support - micro-level interactions
- tendency to blame teachers
- small-scale qualitative research
- out of school factors play a role - learn to be typical boy
- wrong to exaggerate extent of male underachievement as catching up to girls
