Fortified Wines COPY Flashcards
How many methods of fortification is there in fortified wines? And what are they
3
- Port - the wines fermination may be arrested through the addition of spirit while sugars remain
- Sherry - the wines may be fortified after Fermentation has concluded. It produces a fortified wine, although the winemaker may restore sweetness by the addition of sweetened wine or grape syrup
- A mistelle is produced, a grape is fortified prior to Fermentation, this produces a mistelle rather than a fortified wine
What is Vins de Liqueur
French for Liqueur wines
Ratafia - Champagne
Pineau des Charentes - Cognac
Floc de Gascogne - Armagnac
Marvin du Jura - Jura
All of these are growing regions in France associate with what style?
Vins de liqueur
This famous fortified wine is from Portugals Douro Valley
Port
What is the Douro Port Wine institute or Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto (IVDP)
It’s a regulatory body that oversees and enforces the laws in regards to Port production
A decree restricting sales of Port to 1/3 of a house’s total inventory is called
Lei do tergo (law of the third)
What is beneficio authorization?
The maximum amount of wine that may be fortified in a given year based on a matrix of 12 factors
How does the IVDP matrix of twelve factors work?
- Each factor has a minimum and maximum point associated with it and there are a total of 2,361 points available
- Vineyards that score over 1,200 points get A Grade
- Vineyards that score between 1,001 and 1,200 points get a B grade
- and so on to F grade
- 7 soil and climate factors are scored:
Location, altitude, exposure, bedrock, rough matter, slope, and shelter - 5 factors relate to the one itself: type of vine, planting density, yield, training system, and vine age
Main red grapes in Duero?
- Touriga Nacional
- Francesca
- Tinta Roiz
- Tinta Cão
- Tinta Barroca
- Tinta Amarela
- Tinto Francisca
- Bastardo
- Moutisco Tinto
What is the minimum percentage of red grapes that can be in a Porto blend?
60%
Main white grapes of Porto?
- Gouveio
- Malvasia Fina
- Viosinho
- Rabigato
- Eagana Cão
- Folgasão
How are the vineyards of Porto planted?
Vinhos ao Alta - vertical rows leading up to the slopes
What are the open granite troughs called that the port grapes are fermented in?
Lagares
What is the short goal of the port wine making process?
To maximize extraction of color and flavor in the limited available time
When does beneficio take place in the port process?
It occurs when 1/3 of the sugar content has been inverted to alcohol
What is alcohol percentage port is fortified at?
19-22%
What is the name of the addition in port that gives it, its high alcohol volume?
Aguardente - burning water - a 77% abv neutral grape spirit
What is the French term for beneficio?
Mutage
What does the process of beneficio do for the port wine?
Halts Fermentation
Kills yeast
Preserves sweetness in the Port
What is the ratio for aguardente being added
1:4 ratio
What is the name of the traditional barrel used to age and ship Port wines?
Pipe
What is the pipe size used in the Douro Valley?
550L
What is the pipe size used in the In Vila Nova de Gaia
620L
What is the standard size used to ship Port?
534.24L
What are the two styles of port?
Ruby and Tawny
Which port is described as:
Darker Color
Youthful fruit
Spice Tones
More aggressive, fiery Character
Ruby Port
What port is being described:
- Cask aged
- more complex
- mature tones of toffee
- dried fruit
- toasted nuts
- develops lighter, amber tones of color with age
Tawny Port
How long is ruby port aged?
2 - 3 years prior to bottling
How is Ruby Port aged?
In bulk mostly in wood,cement or stainless steel
What is the most expensive style of port to purchase and why?
Vintage Port and makes up 1-3% of production
- A port house will declare a vintage year only in exceptional harvest
True or False
A vintage port must be authorized by the IVDP
True and must be aged in cask before bottling by July 30 of the third year of harvest
What is a single Quinta Vintage Port?
It is a ruby port that is the product of ones estate’s harvest
Note:
This happens when a port house cannot confidently declare a vintage, it may nonetheless showcase the fruit of one of its better estates as a vintage wine
In a vintage year, such an esteemed estate would usually provide the backbone of a shippers Vintage Port
How long does a Late Bottled Vintage (LBV) Port spend in a cask before bottling?
4-6 years
True or False
LBV Ports are not usually the product of a single vintage?
False - LBV port is always the product of a single vintage
What does Envelhecido em Garrafa mean?
An unfiltered LBV Port wine that has had an additional 3 years minimum of bottle aging
What type of Tawny Port:
- ages for at least 7 years prior to bottling
- blended from several vintages
Reserve Tawny
What type of Tawny Port:
- will be labeled 10,20,30,40 years old
- shows a progressively more concentrated and developed character
- uses higher quality fruit
- uses mature seasoned wood
Tawny with Indication of Age
Does a tawny with a year label mean it has actually aged that long?
No the IVDP reserves the right to say a tawny taste like whatever year they deem fit.
What is the most preferred style of tawny port?
20 year of age
What is the aging requirements for a Colhieta Tawny?
Minimum 7 years in a cask - many stay in a cask for decades
What is the type of system used to train the grapes used to make Madeira
Latadas
- Vines suspend on low trellises, in order to combat the dangers of fungal diseases in the damp subtropical environments
What are the 4 main grapes of Madeira from driest to sweetest?
Sercial ⚪️ late harvest grape, skins are removed prior to fermentation, contains 45-50 grams of residual sugar
Verdelho ⚪️late harvest grape, skins are removed prior to fermentation
Boal ⚪️early harvest grape, short Fermentation process with skins in tact
Malvasia ⚪️early harvest grape , short Fermentation process with skins in tact
What is the name of the group who regulates harvesting and production of Madeira methods of Madeira wines?
IVBAM - Embroidery and Handicraft Institute of Madeira
What is the name of the largest production company in Madeira?
Bongos Justino Henrique - founded in 1870
- responsible for half of the islands exports
What are the 3 types of companies involved with Madeira?
- Production
- Shipper -select a wine from a producer, who will then bottle the wine under the shippers brand
Example: Broadbent Selections , based out of London
- Partidistas - store wine and sell it at maturity to other traders for a profit
What grape is produced the most in Madeira?
Tinta Nega (Tinta Negra Mole) - makes up 85% of its production
What are the name of the two modern heating methods that lend Madeira its distinctive character?
Estufagem
Canteiro
What is a Estufa?
A stainless steel vat that warms the wine by circulating hot water through serpentine coils inside the tanks
- this is usually done at temperatures of 45-50 degree C (113-122 degree F)
How long does the wine stay in the Estufa?
3 months
What is estágio
The 90 day testing period in the Estufagem process.
Wine will rest for 90 days before being transferred to cask for aging
How many years does a wine have to wait to be released after the Estufagem process
2 years
What are Aramazens de Calor?
The place where the more delicate variations of Estufagem are stored
- rooms are warmed by nearby tanks or steam pipes rather than direct heat
In the Canteiro method how are the wines aged?
Cask aged for at least two years in lodge attics
What is the minimum a bottle can be aged using the Canteiro process to make Madeira?
Minimum 3 years
What is the maximum time a wine can age in the Canteiro process?
Vinhos de Canteiro remain in the cask for 20 years or more
Andalucía, a village off the southern coast of Spain produces what famous fortified wine?
Sherry
What is the name of the wine region that sherry is produced at?
Jerez
What is the hottest region in Spain?
Jerez
What is the name of the river located northwest of Jerez?
Guadalquivie River
What are the 3 main towns that center around Sherry production
- Jerez de la Frontera
- El Puerto de Santa Maria
- Sanlúcar de Barrameda
DO laws requires that sherry be matured in and shipped from one of these 3 municipalities
What are the two DO zones that produce Sherry?
- Jerez - Xérès - Sherry
- Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda
What is lavante?
A howling wind , that blows from the east in Jerez and essentially cooks the grapes on the vine during ripening
What is the name of the humid Atlantic Winds that alternate with Levante?
Poniente
What’s is flor and how is it produced?
- a film forming yeast necessary in the maturation of Sherry
- it’s is created by the alternation of the winds the lavante and Poniente
What are the 3 soils of Sherry?
- Albariza
- Barros
- Arenas
What is the best soil for Sherry?
Albariza - a chalky, porous, Limestone rich Soil of brilliant white color
80% of the sherry appellation Vines are located
Slopes of the Jerez Superior, in the areas of Jerez de la Frontera, Macharnudo, Añina, and Carrascal
What is the largest Pago in Sherry?
Macharnudo @ 2,000 acres
What is barro soil and where most prominent at in Sherry?
Has a higher proportion of clay and is located in the low lying valleys
What are arenas soil and where are they located
Sand based soil, located mostly near the coast
What are the 3 main grapes for production to make Sherry?
Palomino (Listán) ⚪️
Pedro Ximènez (PX) ⚪️
Moscatel (Muscat of Alexandria) ⚪️
What grape is produced the most in Sherry?
Palomino @ 95% of the vineyards average grow this
The sweet juice that is produced from Pedro Ximènez grapes that is added to Sherry is called?
Vino dulce
What is another name for Moscatel?
Muscat of Alexandria
The Must of Moscatel grapes is cooked for more than a day, intensely darkening the color to produce what?
Vino de Color in Sherry
What is the name of the system used to fortify Sherry?
Solera
The youngest layer in the solera system is called?
Criadera
