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Bordeaux Flashcards

1
Q

What is a 225 liter barrel called?

A

Barrique

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2
Q

Left bank Bordeaux blends are ______ dominated

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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3
Q

Right Bank Bordeaux blends are _______ dominated

A

Merlot

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4
Q

What’s important to note about Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Low yields, small berries, and thick skins provide intense raw materials

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5
Q

Dominant grape of Medoc

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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6
Q

Where is Cabernet Franc found in Bordeaux?

A

Both left and right bank

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7
Q

What does Cabernet Franc add to Bordeaux blends?

A

Aromatic lift

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8
Q

What is Cabernet Franc called on the right bank?

A

Bouschet

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9
Q

What is the most planted grape in Bordeaux?

A

Merlot

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10
Q

When is Merlot troublesome?

A

cooler vintages

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11
Q

What is Malbec called on the right bank?

A

Pressac

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12
Q

Why have Malbec plantings declined in Bordeaux

A

Susceptible to rot/coulure

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13
Q

What is important to note about Petit Verdot?

A

very minor; always in small percentage in blends

  • Deeply colored, tannic, acidic
  • Not easy to grow but adds a boost of structure/color
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14
Q

6 Red Varietals of Bordeaux

A 
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Cabernet Franc
Malbec
Petit Verdot
Carmenere
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15
Q

Major White Varieties of Bordeaux

A

Sauvignon Blanc
Semillon
Muscadelle

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16
Q

What does Sauvignon Blanc offer?

A

Fresher, fruitier results

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17
Q

What is Sauvignon Blanc susceptible to?

A

Noble Rot

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18
Q

What’s important to note about Semillon?

A
  • Neutral in youth; Rich & honeyed with age
  • Time it takes Semillon to develop flavor in bottle is roughtly equal to time Sauvignon Blanc takes to lose flavor
  • Highly susceptible to noble rot
  • Important for sweet winemakers
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19
Q

Important notes about muscadelle

A

Not related to Muscat
Aromatic & Perfumed
Used in dry/sweet wines

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20
Q

Why is it called Left Bank?

A

Refers to the part left of the Gironde Estuary

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21
Q

Major regions of Left Bank

A

Medoc
Graves
Sauternes-Barsac

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22
Q

What wines are made in the Left Bank?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon dominated reds

Sweet wines

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23
Q

What wines are grown in Medoc?

A

only red wines

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24
Q

What wines are made in Haut-Medoc AOC?

A

Only Red Wines, Generally higher quality

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25
Q

What are the commune AOC of Haut Medoc?

A 
Saint-Estephe
Pauillac
St Julien
Margaux
Moulis
Listrac
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26
Q

What wines are grown in Graves?

A

Red & White Wines

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27
Q

What wines are made in Pessac-Leognan?

A

Red & White Wines

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28
Q

What’s the main difference between Northern & Southern Graves?

A

Northern - more Gravel mounds

Southern - Higher proportion sand & clay; Less consistency of quality

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29
Q

Why and When was Pessac-Leognan AOC formed?

A

Because of the difference between North and South Graves - some historic, high quality producers near the town of Bordeaux requested their own appellation

IN 1987, the request was granted Pessac and Leognan became Pessac-Leognan AOC

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30
Q

Where is Sauternais?

A

Bordeaux, Left Bank, Southern Graves

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31
Q

Sub-regions of Sauternais

A

Sauternes
Barsac
Cerons

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32
Q

What wines are made in Sauternais?

A

sweet wines

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33
Q

What’s important to note about the climate of Sauternais?

A

Higher humidity, windy, and misty

When the small and cooler Ciron River meets the larger, warmer Garonne, the region gets misty

Favorable Botrytis conditions

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34
Q

Where are Loupiac and Ste. Croix-du-Mont?

A

Facing Sauternes on the other side of the Garonne

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35
Q

How do the sweet wines of Loupiac & Sainte Croix du Mont compare to Sauternais?

A

Lighter/Less Expensive

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36
Q

What style of wine is the majority of what is made in Entre-deux-mers?

A

Dry white wine

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37
Q

Subregions of Entre-deux-mers

A 
Sainte-Croix-du-Mont
Graves de Vaijres
Sainte-foy Cotes du Bordeaux
Bordeaux  Haut Benauge
Entre-deux-mers Haut Benauge
Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux
Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux
Cotes de Bordeaux
Cadillac
Cotes de Bordeaux Saint Macaire
Loupiac
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38
Q

Graves de Vayres

A

Entre Deux Mers

Sweet + White + Red

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39
Q

Sainte-Foy Cotes de Bordeaux

A

Entre Deux Mers

Sweet + White + Red

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40
Q

Bordeaux Haut-Benauge

A

Entre Deux Mers

Sweet and Dry Whites

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41
Q

Entre Deux Mers Haut Benauge

A

Entre Deux Mers

White

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42
Q

Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux

A

Entre Deux Mers

Sweet

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43
Q

Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux

A

Entre Deux Mers

Red

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44
Q

Cotes de Bordeaux

A

Entre Deux Mers

Red

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45
Q

Cadillac

A

Entre Deux Mers

Sweet

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46
Q

Cotes de Bordeaux Saint-Macaire

A

Sweet + Dry Whites

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47
Q

Loupiac

A

Entre Deux Mers

Sweet

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48
Q

Sainte-Croix-du-Mont

A

Entre Deux Mers

Sweet

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49
Q

What’s important to note about the right bank?

A

Red wines only

Merlot dominant

Smaller estates

Cooler soils

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50
Q

What are the communes of the Right Bank?

A 
Saint Emilion
Saint Emilion Grand Cru
Pomerol
Lalande-de-Pomerol
Fronsac
Canon-Fronsac
Saint-Emilion Satellites (all AOC/AOP)
 - Montagne- St Emilion
 - Lussac - St. Emilion
 - Puisseguin-St. Emilion
 - St Georges- St. Emilion
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51
Q

What are the Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Collective recognizable “brand” AOC Cotes de Bordeaux

official since 2009

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52
Q

What terroirs are included in Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Blaye, Cadillac, Castillon, Francs, and Saite-Foy

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53
Q

What are the 6 appellations of Cotes de Bordeaux?

A 
Cotes de Bordeaux
Blaye Cotes de Bordeaux
Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux
Castillon Cotes de Bordeaux
Francs Cotes de Bordeaux
Sainte Foy Cotes de Bordeaux
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54
Q

What was created to delimit and enforce France’s wine appellation system?

A

Institut National des Appellations d’Origine (INAO)

1935

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55
Q

When was the Institut National des Appellations d’Origine (INAO) Created?

A

1935

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56
Q

What was the Appellation d’Origine Controlee System modeled after?

A

self-imposed guidelines in Chateauneuf-du-Pape

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57
Q

What does the AOC stipulate?

A
  • Limits on yields
  • Vineyard density
  • Training/pruning techniques
  • Grape varietals
  • Methods of production
  • Minimum alcohol levels
  • Minimum must weights
  • geographical boundaries of each appellation
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58
Q

True/False: AOC must pass a tasting panel

A

True

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59
Q

When did INAO award the first AOCs?

A

1936

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60
Q

In 2015, approximately how many AOCs were there?

A

over 366 - wine /brandy

44 agricultural products

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61
Q

What percent of French wines were released AOC?

A

Over 50%

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62
Q

What’s the problem with the AOC?

A

it’s become a bloated category and no longer one necessarily indicative of quality

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63
Q

What did the INAO become?

When?

A

L’Institut National de l’Origine et de la Qualite (kept former acronym of INAO)

2007

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64
Q

What changes were made to the INAO appellation system? When?

A

Brought in line with new EU standards/creation of Appellation d’ Origine Protegee (AOP)

2009

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65
Q

What category do French AOPs fall within the EU?

A

Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)

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66
Q

What can a French wine be labeled as?

A

AOC/AOP - they are complementary - either may be used

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67
Q

AOC

A

Appellation d’Origine Controlee

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68
Q

AOP

A

Appellation d’Origine Protegee

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69
Q

What are the EU regulations on wine?

A
  • only vitis vinifera

- all grapes must be exclusively sourced from - and resulting wine produced in - stated geographical area

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70
Q

What is the VDQS?

A

Vin Delimite de Qualite Superieure (VDQS or AOVDQS)

It was created as a stepping stone to AOC

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71
Q

When was the VDQS created & eliminated?

A

1949; 2011

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72
Q

What happened to VDQS in 2011?

A

most advanced to full AOC/AOP status

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73
Q

How much of French wine production is regional wines?

A

One-third

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74
Q

What are regional wines released as?

A

Vin de Pays

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75
Q

What is VDP?

A

Vin de Pays - a less restrictive category of widely varying quality

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76
Q

What regulations are in place for VDP?

A
  • controls added sulfur/total acidity
  • wines submitted to tasting panels
  • grapes sourced from within specified region
  • yields: 90 hl/ha for white; 85 hl/ha for red/rose; 100 hl/ha total output
  • minimum alcohol 9-10%
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77
Q

What other category may VDPs be labelled as?

A

Indication Geographique Protegee (IGP)

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78
Q

What corresponding EU category do VDP fall under?

A

PGI (Protected Geographic Indication)

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79
Q

PGI requirements

A
  • must be vitis vinifera or hybrids

- minimum 85% sourced from geographical area

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80
Q

What are the levels of IGP zones?

A

regional, departmental, local

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81
Q

What is the lowest rung of French production?

A

Table wines (Vin de Table; Vin Ordinaires)

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82
Q

What changed in 2009 in regards to Table Wines?

A

Previously could not state varietal, vintage, or place of origin

2009 - category changed to Vin de France - vintage & Varietal may now appear

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83
Q

Why did the changes to table wines occur in 2009

A

to allow French wines to compete with New World varietal wines

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84
Q

What are the current French wine classifications from top to bottom?

A

Appellation d’Origine Controlee/Protegee (AOC/AOP)
Vin de Pays/Indication Geographique Protegee (IGP)
Vin de France (formerly Table wines)

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85
Q

Negociant

A

Buyers of fruit/wine in barrel that aged it in their own cellars before selling

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86
Q

Courtiers

A

Brokers of wine

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87
Q

En primeur

A

yearly offering of Bordeaux wines as futures

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88
Q

What is Clairet?

A

darker more aromatic style of rose that evokes the original claret wines shipped to England in the middle ages

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89
Q

Assemblage

A

Blend

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90
Q

encepagement

A

proportions of different grape varieties

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91
Q

Sparkling wine of Bordeaux

A

Cremant de Bordeaux AOP

92
Q

Lesser known Bordeaux Whites

A

Max proportion 30%

Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, Colombard

93
Q

Which of the following appellations is located within Graves?

a) Pessac-Leognan
b) Saint-Emilion
c) Margaux
d) Cornas
e) St. Estephe

A

a) Pessac Leognan

94
Q

Most common grape of dessert wine in Sauternes

95
Q

What grape is perfectly suited to well-drained gravelly soils?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

96
Q

Jalles

A

Drainage channels that prevent Medoc from reverting to Swamp lands

97
Q

What’s important about Haut Brion

A

Only non-Medoc property that was made a First Growth in the 1855 Classification of Bordeaux

It’s a First Growth from Graves

98
Q

Who comissioned the 1855 Classification of Bordeaux?

A

Emperor Napoleon III

99
Q

What is the main difference between Burgundy & Bordeaux classifications?

A

Burgundy - the land owns the status

Bordeaux - the producer owns the status - so a vineyard may be classified or declassified with ownership changes

100
Q

When was Chateau Mouton-Rothschild elevated?

101
Q

What other designations mark chateaux of quality in Bordeaux

A

Cru Artisan

Cru Bourgeois

102
Q

Cru Artisan

A

designation used for century and a half before formal recognization in 2002

It denotes the place as exceptional stewards of the land and craft of winemaking without the financing or apparatus of large-scale operations

103
Q

How many producers are Cru Artisan?

104
Q

How small must Cru Artisan estates be?

A

smaller than 5 hectares

105
Q

When is the Cru Artisans list reviewed?

A

every 10 years

106
Q

Cru Bourgeois

A

an embattled classification originally introduced in 1932, it divided 444 properties into 3 categories: Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel, Cru Bourgeois Superieur, Cru Bourgeois

107
Q

Chateau Palmer

A

Margaux

Third Growth

108
Q

Chateau Valandraud

A

Saint Emillion

Premieres Grands Crus Classes

109
Q

Chateau Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande

A

Pauillac

Second Growth

110
Q

Chateau Desmirail

A

Margaux

Third Growth

111
Q

Important Pomeral Producers

A

Petrus
La Conseillante
Entreprises Moueix

112
Q

When is the Saint Emilion classification reviewed?

A

Every 10 years

113
Q

Chateau Rauzan-Segla

A

Margaux

Second Growth

114
Q

What moderates the Bordeaux climate?

A

Gulf stream

115
Q

What is Remontage

A

Pump over - leads to increased extraction

116
Q

St. Estephe Second Growths

A

Chateau Cos-D’Estournel

Chateau Montrose

117
Q

When was the Saint-Emilion classification?

118
Q

What are the 5 first Growths?

A 
Chateau Latour
Chateau Haut-Brion
Chateau Lafite - Rothschild
Chateau Mouton - Rothschild (1973)
Chateau Margau
119
Q

Chateau Beau Sejour-Becot

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

120
Q

Lafite Rothschild

A

Pauillac

First Growth

121
Q

Chateau Rieussec

A

Sauternes First Growth

122
Q

Chateau Mouton-Rothschild

A

Pauillac

First Growth

123
Q

Margaux Second Growths

A 
Chateau Montrose
Chateau Brane-Cantenac
Chateau Rauzan-Segla
Chateau Rauzan-Gassies
Chateau Dufort-Vivens
Chateau Lascombes
124
Q

Chateau Rauzan-Gassies

A

Margaux

Second Growth

125
Q

What seperates Bordeaux from the Atlantic

A

Forets des Landes

Landes forest

126
Q

Chateau Gruaud-Larose

A

St. Julien

Second Growth

127
Q

Petrus

128
Q

What year was contested - Saint Emilion classification?

129
Q

Second Growths - Pauillac

A

Chateau Pichon Longueville Baron

Chateau Pichon LOngueville Comtesse de Lalande

130
Q

Chateau Haut Brion

A

Graves

First Growth

131
Q

What is important historically about Medoc?

A

It was marshland until the Dutch drained the land revealing fine gravel soil

132
Q

Chateau Angelus

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes A

133
Q

Chateau Climens

A

Barsac First Growth

134
Q

Chateaux La Tour Blanche

A

Sauternes First Growth

135
Q

La Conseillante

136
Q

Chateau Leoville Las Cases

A

St. Julien

Second Growth

137
Q

Chateau Leoville Poyferre

A

St. Julien

Second Growth

138
Q

When was the Saint-Emilion classification revised?

139
Q

When was the Graves classification?

140
Q

Why are most Bordeaux’s a variety mix?

A

Combats humidity and provides consistency

Early budding and ripening varieties (such as Merlot) are combined with later-budding and ripening varieties (such as Cabernet)

141
Q

Chateau Ausone

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes A

142
Q

Chateau De Rayne-Vigneau

A

Sauternes First Growth

143
Q

Sauternes & Barsac Premier Cru Superieur

A

Chateau d’Yquem

144
Q

Sauternes and & Barsac First Growths

A 
Coutet
Climens
La Tour Blanche
Lafaurie-Peyraguey
Clos Haut- Peyraguey
de Rayne-Vigneale
Suduiraut
Guiraud
Rieussec
Rabaud-Promis
Sigalas-Rabaust
145
Q

What is En Primeur?

A

annual sale of Bordeaux wines as futures

146
Q

Chateau Suduraut

A

Sauternes First Growth

147
Q

What is the annual sale of Bordeaux wines as futures?

A

En Primeur

148
Q

Chateau Durfort-Vivens

A

Margaux

Second Growth

149
Q

Chateau Cos-D’Estournel

A

St Estephe

Second Growth

150
Q

Pauillac First Growths

A

Chateau Lafite Rothschild
Chateau Latour
Chateau Mouton-Rothschild

151
Q

Chateau Troplong Mondot

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

152
Q

Chateau Trottevielle

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

153
Q

Chateau Lafaurie - Peyraguey

A

Sauternes First Growth

154
Q

Chateau Clos Haut-Peyraguey

A

Sauternes First Growth

155
Q

Forets des Landes

A

Landes forest

Seperates Bordeaux from the Atlantic/offers protection

156
Q

What is a major factor in Bordeaux?

157
Q

Graves First Growths

A

Chateau Haut-Brion

158
Q

Chateau Latour

159
Q

Chateau Mouton-Rothschild

160
Q

What kind of soil exists in the Right Bank?

A

more diverse Limestone/clay, water retentive, and cooler soils

161
Q

How does humidity affect Bordeaux?

A

Brings disease, mildew, unsettled weather, and vintage variation

162
Q

Approximately how many hectares of vines are in France?

163
Q

What is Claret?

A

British name for Bordeaux red in the 1700s. Refers to a pale and light wine

164
Q

Chateau Lascombes

A

Margaux

Second Growth

165
Q

Chateau Margaux

166
Q

Chateau Haut Brion

167
Q

What types of vine training are used in Bordeaux?

A

Cane pruned Guyot

Spur pruned Cordon

168
Q

Chateau Montrose

A

St. Estephe

Second Growth

169
Q

Chateau Brane-Cantenac

A

Margaux

Second Growth

170
Q

Chateau Pichon Longueville Baron

A

Pauillac

Second Growth

171
Q

Chateau Coutet

A

Barsac First Growth

172
Q

Chateau Marquis d’Alesme Becker

A

Margaux

Third Growth

173
Q

Chateau Beausejour

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

174
Q

Chateau Giscours

A

Margaux

Third Growth

175
Q

What are the highly regarded vintages for Bordeaux?

A

2000, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016 (Yet to prove itself)

176
Q

Lafite Rothschild

177
Q

St Julien Second Growths

A 
Chateau Leoville Las Cases
Chateau Leoville Poyferre
Chateau Leoville Barton
Chateau Gruaud-Larose
Chateau Ducru-Beaucaillou
178
Q

Chateau Guiraud

A

Sauternes First Growth

179
Q

Chateau La Lagune

A

Haut Medoc

Third Growth

180
Q

Chateau Bel Air-Monange

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grand Crus Classes

181
Q

Chateau Canon

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

182
Q

Margaux Third Growths

A 
Chateau Kirwan
Chateau d' Issan
Chateau Giscours
Chateau Malescot-St-Exupery
Chateau Cantenac-Brown
Chateau Boyd
Chateau Palmer
Chateau Desmirail
Chateau Ferriere
Chateauc Merquis d'Alesme - Becker
183
Q

What provides geographical boundaries to Bordeaux

A

The Gironde Estuary; meeting of the Garonne and Dordogne Rivers

184
Q

What makes up the Gironde?

A

Garonne & Dordogne

185
Q

Chateau Lagrange

A

St. Julien

Third Growth

186
Q

Chateau Langoa Barton

A

St. Julien

Third Growth

187
Q

Chateau Kirwan

A

Margaux

Third Growth

188
Q

Chateau Malescot-St.-Exupery

A

Margaux

Third Growth

189
Q

Chateau Rabaud-Promis

A

Sauternes First Growth

190
Q

Chateau Sigalas-Rabaud

A

Sauternes First Growth

191
Q

Latour

A

Pauillac

First Growth

192
Q

Chateau Figeac

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

193
Q

Chateau Ducru-Beaucaillou

A

St. Julien

Second Growth

194
Q

What is used to combat mildew in Bordeaux?

A

Bouillie Bordelaise

195
Q

St. Estephe Third Growths

A

Chateau Colon-Segur

196
Q

When was the Medoc classification?

197
Q

What kind of soil is in Pomerol?

A

Iron Pan under sand and clay

198
Q

When was the Mouton promotion?

199
Q

Chateau Boyd

A

Margaux

Third Growth

200
Q

Chateau Calon-Segur

A

St. Estephe

Third Growth

201
Q

Chateau Ferriere

A

Margaux

Third Growth

202
Q

When was the concept of Chateaus developed in Bordeaux?

A

18th & 19th century - the golden age

203
Q

Enterprises Moueix

204
Q

Chateau Margaux

A

Margaux

First Growth

205
Q

Chateau d’Issan

A

Margaux

Third Growth

206
Q

Margaux First Growths

A

Chateau Margaux

207
Q

What is Bouillie Borderlaise?

A

Sulphur based concoction for Mildew

208
Q

Climate of Bordeaux

209
Q

What soil is common in the Left Bank (Medoc & Graves)?

A

Generally Gravel

210
Q

St. Julien Third Growths

A

Chateau Lagrange

Chateau Langoa Barton

211
Q

Saint Emilion Premiers Grans Crus Classes A

A

Chateau Cheval Blanc
Chateau Pavie
Chateau Ausone
Chateau Angelus

212
Q

Haut Medoc Third Growths

A

Chateau La Lagune

213
Q

Chateau Larcis Ducasse La Mondotte

A

St. Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

214
Q

Chateau d’Yquem

A

Premier Cru Superieur

Sauternes

215
Q

Chateau Cheval Blanc

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes A

216
Q

Chateau Pavie

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes A

217
Q

Chateau Leoville Barton

A

St. Julien

Second Growth

218
Q

Two Major rivers in Bordeaux

A

Garonne & Dordogne

219
Q

Chateau Pavie Macquin

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

220
Q

Chateau Canon la Gaffeliere

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

221
Q

Clos Fourtet

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grands Crus Classes

222
Q

Chateau la Gaffeliere

A

Saint Emilion

Premiers Grand Crus Classes

223
Q

Chateau Cantenac Brown

A

Margaux

Third Growth

224
Q

What kind of soil is present in Saint Emilion

A

Gravel, Limestone, Sand

225
Q

Why are Bordeaux wines typically a variety mix?

A

Because of the struggles with viticulture – Early budding and ripening varieties (such as Merlot) are combined with later-budding and ripening varieties (such as Cabernet Sauvignon)

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