FOM 6.5.1

Question 1

ROS are a part of what bodily process to ward off invaders? Which cell makes the ROS.

Answer 1

Inflammation; leukocytes

Question 2

When acetaminophen is metabolized by what system, it forms ROS.

Answer 2

Cytochrome P450

Question 3

What type of radicals are involved with lipid peroxidation?

Answer 3

Hydroxyl radicals

Question 4

What is the morphological change associated with oxidative damage of hydroxyl radicals to proteins, which may damage enzymes and structural proteins?

Answer 4

Increased eosinophilia

Question 5

Be familiar with the properties of free radicals (table 2-3).

Answer 5

Look at picture

Question 6

What is the pathway that goes from ROS to increased cytosolic Ca2+?

Answer 6

Look at picture

Question 7

What molecule promotes new blood vessel formation, and enhances glycolytic pathways?

Answer 7

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)

Question 8

HIF-1 is elevated in diabetic retinopathy, which leads to what process?

Answer 8

Angiogenesis can actually make things worse

Question 9

Reperfusion, following ischemia, increases the risk for the generation of ___.

Answer 9

ROS

Question 10

Ischemic injury is often associated with acute inflammation. What are the neutrophils responding to?

Answer 10

DAMPs (damage associated molecular patterns

Question 11

In matters of ischemia and reperfusion, time is ___.

Answer 11

Myocardium

Question 12

Reperfusion following ischemia is done up __ hrs following symptoms?

Answer 12

12

Question 13

What common medication can be converted into toxic metabolites through the cytochome P-450 pathway?

Answer 13

Acetaminophen

Question 14

What are some physiologic and pathologic causes of apoptosis (3 each)?

Answer 14

Phys: embryogenesis, hormone withdrawal, clonal deletion Path: genetic damage, misfolded proteins, viral infection

Question 15

Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of apoptosis.

Answer 15

Look at diagram.

Question 16

In the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, damage to mitochondria typically leads to the release of what pro-apoptotic molecule? What do this molecule trigger?

Answer 16

Primarily Cytochrome C; caspase cascade

Question 17

What other type of response leads to apoptosis?

Answer 17

Unfolded protein response

Question 18

The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is initiated by what?

Answer 18

Engagement of death receptors (TNF receptor family and paired Fas ligand (CD95))

Question 19

What are two features that differentiate apoptosis from necrosis?

Answer 19

Individual cells, absence of acute inflammatory cells

Question 20

Describe the appearance of DNA fragments on a DNA agarose gel. (Normal, apoptosis, necrosis)

Answer 20

Look at picture

Question 21

What intracellular accumulation is the end result of lipid peroxidation? It is also known as the wear and tear pigment.

Answer 21

Lipofuscin

Question 22

What intracellular accumulation is attached?

Answer 22

Exogenous carbon pigment

Question 23

What intracellular accumulation is attached?

Answer 23

“Alcoholic hyaline” and Fat

Question 24

What intracellular accumulation is attached?

Answer 24

Liver, Hemosiderin (a result of excess iron - “rusting”)

Question 25

What intracellular accumulation is attached?

Answer 25

Hemosiderin

Question 26

What intracellular accumulation is attached?

Answer 26

Lipofuscin

Question 27

What intracellular accumulation is attached?

Answer 27

Melanin (melanoma)

Question 28

What two conditions are associated with dystrophic calcification?

Answer 28

Any serum calcium level, previously injured tissue

Question 29

What must be present for metastatic calcification to occur?

Answer 29

High serum calcium levels (normal tissues)

Question 30

What is this an image of?

Answer 30

Dystrophic calcification of the mitral valve.

Question 31

What is this an image of?

Answer 31

Metastatic calcification, lung, von Kossa

Question 32

What is circled in green? What is a relevant clinical vignette for the presence of this?

Answer 32

Apoptotic body, viral hepatitis