FOM 6.5.1 Flashcards
ROS are a part of what bodily process to ward off invaders? Which cell makes the ROS.
Inflammation; leukocytes
When acetaminophen is metabolized by what system, it forms ROS.
Cytochrome P450
What type of radicals are involved with lipid peroxidation?
Hydroxyl radicals
What is the morphological change associated with oxidative damage of hydroxyl radicals to proteins, which may damage enzymes and structural proteins?
Increased eosinophilia
Be familiar with the properties of free radicals (table 2-3).
Look at picture
What is the pathway that goes from ROS to increased cytosolic Ca2+?
Look at picture
What molecule promotes new blood vessel formation, and enhances glycolytic pathways?
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)
HIF-1 is elevated in diabetic retinopathy, which leads to what process?
Angiogenesis can actually make things worse
Reperfusion, following ischemia, increases the risk for the generation of ___.
ROS
Ischemic injury is often associated with acute inflammation. What are the neutrophils responding to?
DAMPs (damage associated molecular patterns
In matters of ischemia and reperfusion, time is ___.
Myocardium
Reperfusion following ischemia is done up __ hrs following symptoms?
12
What common medication can be converted into toxic metabolites through the cytochome P-450 pathway?
Acetaminophen
What are some physiologic and pathologic causes of apoptosis (3 each)?
Phys: embryogenesis, hormone withdrawal, clonal deletion Path: genetic damage, misfolded proteins, viral infection
Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
Look at diagram.
In the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, damage to mitochondria typically leads to the release of what pro-apoptotic molecule? What do this molecule trigger?
Primarily Cytochrome C; caspase cascade
What other type of response leads to apoptosis?
Unfolded protein response
The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is initiated by what?
Engagement of death receptors (TNF receptor family and paired Fas ligand (CD95))
What are two features that differentiate apoptosis from necrosis?
Individual cells, absence of acute inflammatory cells
Describe the appearance of DNA fragments on a DNA agarose gel. (Normal, apoptosis, necrosis)
Look at picture
What intracellular accumulation is the end result of lipid peroxidation? It is also known as the wear and tear pigment.
Lipofuscin
What intracellular accumulation is attached?
Exogenous carbon pigment
What intracellular accumulation is attached?
“Alcoholic hyaline” and Fat
What intracellular accumulation is attached?
Liver, Hemosiderin (a result of excess iron - “rusting”)
What intracellular accumulation is attached?
Hemosiderin
What intracellular accumulation is attached?
Lipofuscin
What intracellular accumulation is attached?
Melanin (melanoma)
What two conditions are associated with dystrophic calcification?
Any serum calcium level, previously injured tissue
What must be present for metastatic calcification to occur?
High serum calcium levels (normal tissues)
What is this an image of?
Dystrophic calcification of the mitral valve.
What is this an image of?
Metastatic calcification, lung, von Kossa
What is circled in green? What is a relevant clinical vignette for the presence of this?
Apoptotic body, viral hepatitis
