FOM 3.5.2

Question 1

What are the essential amino acids?

Answer 1

P - phenylalanine V - valine T - tryptophan T - threonine I - isoleucine M - methionine H - histidine A - arginine L - leucine L - lysine

Question 2

Is the list of essential nutrients the same for most mammals?

Answer 2

No, some cause have trouble synthesizing a specific molecule and must get it from diet

Question 3

What are the two classes of fatty acids that are considered essential?

Answer 3

Omega 3 and Omega 6

Question 4

Despite arginine being in the Urea cycle, is it still an essential amino acid?

Answer 4

Yes it is still essential

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Is it more advantageous to obtain a compound through diet or to make it?

Answer 6

Diet

Question 7

Which source of energy has the shortest duration and which has the longest?

Answer 7

1. ATP
2. Phosphocreatine
3. Anaerobic metabolism
4. Phosphocreatine

Question 8

What energy storage is used within the first 12 hours?

Answer 8

Glycogen stores

Question 9

What type of vitamins can be stored in the body and which cant?

Answer 9

Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body and fat soluble vitamins can be.

Question 10

What is a cofactor involved in amino acid transamination?

Answer 10

Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6)

Question 11

What puts the N in NADH?

Answer 11

Niacin

Question 12

What is a result of high amounts of alcohol metabolism?

Answer 12

It takes up available NAD+ and makes it NADH which then can lead to an inhibition of the TCA cycle and inhibition of beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are sent to the liver to help with energy needs, but are not being broken down through Beta-oxidation and thus lead to a fatty liver.

Question 13

In regards to alcohol metabolism can having a shortage of NAD+ be harmful?

Answer 13

Yes, it can lead to a build up of Acetic acid or acetaldehyde

Question 14

What can a thiamin deficiency becaused by?

Answer 14

Vitamin B deficiencies can be caused by diet high in refined sugars, and diets that include excessive alcohol intake

Question 15

What are the water soluble vitamins and what do they do?

Answer 15

Question 16

What are the fat soluble vitamins and what do they do?

Answer 16

Question 17

What are some problems associated with vitamin D intoxication?

Answer 17

Promotes excessive bone reabsorption of calcium, reducing calcium available for other functions.

Question 18

What are the two divalent cation’s that are used and what is the difference between them?

Answer 18

Magnesium

1. Most abundant divalent cation
2. Magnesium is less stable
3. Binding Mg 2+ is typically flexible with one or two side Asp/Glu residues coordinating the metal

Zinc

1. Kept at a low concentration
2. Very selective co-enzyme
3. More rigid

Question 19

What is the ultimate fate of lactate if it is not excreted?

Answer 19

Conversion back to pyruvate which is used to build more glucose or enters the mitochondria for further oxidation

Question 20

What is the main product of alcohol metabolism?

Answer 20

Acetyl-CoA

Question 21

What is the role of uncoupling proteins in the mitochondria?

Answer 21

Question 22

What is the role of vitamin B6 in amino acid metabolism?

Answer 22

It binds to the nitrogen group to bring it to the next carbon unit.