FOM 2.2.2

Question 1

What functional group is carried by ATP, ADP/Pi, or AMP/PPi?

Answer 1

Phosphoryl groups

Very high energy stores chemical energy

Question 2

What functional group is carried by NADH/NAD+?

Answer 2

Shuttle electrons for redox of biological fuels, help produce ATP

Question 3

What functional group is carried by NADPH/NADP+?

Answer 3

Shuttle electrons for redox reactions in biosynth reactions

Question 4

What functional group is carried by FADH2/FAD or FMNH2/FMN?

Answer 4

Shuttle electrons for redox of biological fuels, more powerful than NAD’s

Question 5

What functional group is carried by co-enzyme A?

Answer 5

Acyl groups

Question 6

What functional group is carried by biotin?

Answer 6

CO2 for carboxylation rxns

Question 7

What functional group is carried by tetrahydrofolate in amino acid metabolism

Answer 7

1 carbon units

Question 8

What functional group is carried by S-adenosylmethionine?

Answer 8

Methyl groups to oxygen or nitrogen

Question 9

What does pyridoxal phosphate react with in order to catalyze?

Answer 9

Amine groups in amino acid metabolism and transamination reactions

Question 10

What does Thiamine pyrophosphate react with to catalyze?

Answer 10

Aldehydes/ketones for decarboxylation at the R group

Question 11

Define active site

Answer 11

a region of an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Question 12

What vitamin is coenzyme A?

Answer 12

pantothenic Acid is the vitamin that serves as the coenzyme, Coenzyme A (CoA)

Question 13

What is biotin?

Answer 13

a vitamin that serves as a coenzyme that covalently attaches to carboxylases

Question 14

Cofactor?

Answer 14

a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme. Can also increase rate too.

Question 15

Coenzyme?

Answer 15

A specific type of cofactor, coenzymes, are organic molecules that bind to enzymes and help them function. The key here is that they’re organic. ‘Organic’ does not mean you’ll find them in a special aisle in the grocery store. Rather, organic molecules are simply molecules that contain carbon. Don’t let the name ‘coenzymes’ fool you, either; coenzymes are not really enzymes. As the prefix ‘co-‘ suggests, they work with enzymes. Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins.

Question 16

What vitamin is flavin adenine?

Answer 16

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH2) is a coenzyme (aka vitamin Riboflavin (B2)

Question 17

Hydrolase?

Answer 17

uses water to split a bond

Question 18

Isomerase?

Answer 18

No atoms lost or added, only rearranged

Question 19

Isozyme?

Answer 19

isoforms of enzymes. Enzyme that catalyze the same chemical reaction, but reaction rates differ, often different tissue, etc.

Question 20

Ligase?

Answer 20

Forms C-C, C-S, C-O, and C-N bonds. Requires ATP or another nucleotide

Question 21

Lyase?

Answer 21

Cleave’s C-C, C-O, C-S, and C-N bonds by means other than oxidation or hydrolysis

Question 22

Protease?

Answer 22

an enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides.

Question 23

What vitamin is pyridoxal phosphate?

Answer 23

pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme (same things as vitamin Pyridoxine (B6)

Question 24

Substrate?

Answer 24

substrate is the molecule upon which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

Question 25

Transferase function?

Answer 25

transfers a chemical group

Question 26

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) is the same as what vitamin?

Answer 26

“NADP” and is a coenzyme (aka vitamin Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)

Question 27

Prosthetic Group?

Answer 27

Prosthetic groups are cofactors that bind tightly to proteins or enzymes. As if holding on for dear life, they are not easily removed. They can be organic or metal ions and are often attached to proteins by a covalent bond. The same cofactors can bind multiple different types of enzymes and may bind some enzymes loosely, as a coenzyme, and others tightly, as a prosthetic group. Some cofactors may always tightly bind their enzymes. It’s important to note, though, that these prosthetic groups can also bind to proteins other than enzymes.