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Biol3 > FinalExam: Bacteria Genetics, Fungi > Flashcards

FinalExam: Bacteria Genetics, Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

_______ are heterotrophs and saprophytes

A

fungi

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2
Q

some _______ are parasites cell wall made of chitin(target for antifungal agents) is present.

A

fungi

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3
Q

majority of ____ are aerobes or facultative anerobes (except yeast) and few are obligate anaerobes

A

fungi

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4
Q

______ prefers to grow at acidic pH (5 or lower) in high salt

A

fungi

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5
Q

In ______, sugar in slight moist environment and relative humidity of 70% or more

A

fungi

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6
Q

___1____ have a filamentous body (mycelium); and the individual filament is called ___2____

A
  1. Fungi
  2. hypha (pl hyphae)
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7
Q

Fungi of the individual filament is called _______, are well adapted to aobsorb food, such as high surface to volume ratio and releases enymes to breakdown foodl also acts as a repellant.

A

hypha (pl hyphae)

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8
Q

________ are segment of hyphae which obtains nutrition

A

vegetative hyphae

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9
Q

______ projects above the surface; bears reproductive spores

A

aerial hyphae

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10
Q

_______ includes haustoria and rhizoids

A

Specialized hyphae

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11
Q

The Specialized hyphae that includes _____ are associated with parasitic fungi (associate w/ fungal infection), gentle nature of hyphae

A

Haustoria

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12
Q

the specialized hyphae that includes ______ are associated with saprophytic fungi (suck up nutrient from non-living objects), aggressive nature of hyphae

A

rhizoids

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13
Q

____1___ are one which can grow as both yeast like (unicellular) or as mycelia; human pathogenic fungi are ____1___

A

dimorphic

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14
Q

2 classes of hyphae depending on the presence of septa (cross wall) are ____1___ and ___2____

A
  1. septate hyphae
  2. coenocytic hyphae
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15
Q

_____ are individual cells are separated from one another by septa - microscopic openings (woronin bodies), most of nutrient p/u by vegetative move upward to aerial hyphae , mobilizes cellular resources right to the point of growth (aerial hyphae)

A

septate hyphae

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16
Q

_____ are long structure with cells but no cross wall

A

coenocytic hyphae

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17
Q

____ are present in All fungi

  • digest damaged cells
  • helps parasitic fungi to invade host
A

lysosomes

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18
Q

Fungi have _______ that can germinate and develop into a new hyphae and mycelium
- Male Hyphae : has + nucleus
- Female Hyphae: has -nucleus
- Membrane fusion (of male & female)—>nucleus fusion (karyogammy) —> nucleus then form zygospore 2N chromosomes (equivalent to zygote) —> undergo meiosis —> form fruiting bodies containing N spores
—> Fruiting bodies: Sporangium of Rhizopus fungi - release spores and columella remain.

A

unusual reproductive modes (sexual & asexual)

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19
Q

_____ has spores

A

Sporangium

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20
Q

_____ are the body of fungi

A

Sporangiosphore

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21
Q

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ________ that includes amphotericin and nystatin, it binds to ergosterol component, results in leaking membrane. its very toxic; limited use in life threatening condition

A

polyenes

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22
Q

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ______ that includes clotrimazole and miconazole, it inhibit ergosterol synthesis; interfere in the synthetic pathway. the active componenet of medications to treat localized, superficial yeast infection.

A

azoles

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23
Q

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell wall synthesis, ______ is used for candida and aspergillosis treatment that interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis

A

Echinocandins

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24
Q

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell division, ______ (synthesized by some fungi) are exact mechanism, it interfere with spinder fibers component (tubulin) and blocks mitotic events. used in treatment of nail and skin fungal infections

A

gresiofulvin

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25
Q

polymerization due to tubulin assembly extension of ______

A

spindle fibers

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26
Q

depolymerization of tubulin subunits shortening of ________

A

spindle fibers

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27
Q

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for nucleic acid synthesis (poor target), _______ is taken by yeast cells and converted into active inhibitory form, 5 fluorouracil, it inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

A

flucytosine

28
Q

In the cytoplasm, ____ blocks biosynthesis of ergosterol, a sterol needed for cell membrane stability.

A

azoles

29
Q

outside of the cytoplasm, ______ forms aggregates in cell membrane with ergosterol, leading to pores that cause leakage of cellular contents

A

Amphotercin B

30
Q

_______ interwoven polymers of glucans, chitins and various proteins

A

fungal cell wall

31
Q

______ (Mycoses) mainly associates with opportunist infection, meaning when body is low defenses.

A

fungal diseases

32
Q

physicians classify mycoses as ______ when restricted on surface of nails, hairs and outer skin layer.

A

superficial

33
Q

physicians classify mycoses as _______(in skin) due to onset of CMI(Cellor mediated immune) response.

A

cutaneous

34
Q

physicians classify mycoses as ______ in hypodermis and muscle or bones

A

wound/subcutaneous

35
Q

physicians classify mycoses as ______ affecting many systems and spread throughout body

A

systemic

36
Q

_______ acquired by contract with hyphae or fungal spores or with shared objects

A

superficial mycoses

37
Q

example of superficial mycoses is ________ (due to melassezia furfur) its hyper/hypo pigmentation is due to melanin pigment interference. Versicolor is due to trunk arm area, activation pigment

A

pityriasis versicolor

38
Q

_________(superficial mycoses) is a dimorphic fungil feeds on the sebum(uses as nutrient) and makes keratinase.

A

pityriasis versicolor

39
Q

_______(superficial mycoses) immune compromised individual, infection can be systemic (all across of the body)

A

pityriasis versicolor

40
Q

the treatment for _______(superficial mycoses) is antifungal imidazoles, you apply on the affect area.

A

pityriasis versicolor

41
Q

A example of cutaneous mycoses aka ringworm caused by _____ that invades skin and activate CMI; in turn damages deeper tissues

A

dermatophytes (aka ringworm)

42
Q

In athletes foot, ______(cutaneous mycoses) uses keratin as nutrient and conlonizes skin, nails and hair. they remains localized in dermis and hypodermis; rarely becomes systemic

A

dermatophytes (aka ringworm)

43
Q

, _______ associated with humans only, transmitted by close contact or fomite sharing

A

anthrophilic

44
Q

________ are associated with animals; transmitted via close contact or through contaminated leather, wool, feather

A

zoophilic

45
Q

_____ includes soil fungi and transmitted via soil exposure or dust

A

geophilic

46
Q

_______ fungi grows deep into hypodermis and bone but dont become systemic infection, produce on skin surface lesions

A

wound mycoses

47
Q

_______ have common ones which are chromoblastomycoses, mycetoma and sporotrichosis

A

wound mycoses

48
Q

_____ appears as small, painless but itchy, scaly lesion on skin due to fungal growth in subcutaneous tissues

A

chromoblastomycoses

49
Q

_______ lesion progressively worsens and becomes tumor like and extensive if untreated

A

chromoblastomycoses

50
Q

_____ inflammation with fibrous tissue forms along with abscess in surrounding tissues

A

chromoblastomycoses

51
Q

______ caused by soil fungi, tumor like infection of skin, facia and bones; slow growing.

A

Mycetomas

52
Q

_______ is once its infected, it invades body tissues eventually abrasions (scrapes) and prick wound (punctures) by sharp twigs, thorns.

A

Mycetomas

53
Q

______ facilitates fungi entry protective clothing and shoes minmizes / reduces infection risk.

A

Mycetomas

54
Q

_____causes wound site forms Nodules(hard sub surface) with time lesion worses become ulcerated with pus, then releases spores and hyphae then mitigates spread to other tissues which results permanent deformity

A

Mycetomas

55
Q

______ (aka rose gardner disease) is due to dimorphic fungi limited to subcutaneous infection of the arm and leg; no systemic infection.

A

sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)

56
Q

______ soil is the natural habitat; transmitted as mycetomas pathogen higher risk of infection is noted amongst avid gardeners, farmers and artisans who work with natural plant materials.

A

sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)

57
Q

______ is common in moist areas; equally distributed amongst tropics an subtropics.

A

sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)

58
Q

theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ appears as painless, nodular lesion at site and gets filled with pus; don’t spread.

A

fixed sporotrichosis

59
Q

theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ enters lymphatic system near inoculation site(primary lesion) transform into sec lesion on skin surface and remains.. This one spreads.

A

lymphocutaneous

60
Q

______ is yeast like forms(psudohyl) hyphae

A

dimorphic fungi

61
Q

______ (aka valley fever) its due to C.immitis, a dimorphic fungi

A

Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)

62
Q

______ grows as mycelium in soil and produces asexual spores(arthoconidia) that germinates to form mycelia.

A

Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)

63
Q

______ yeast form at body’s temperature(pathogenic form) enters body via inhalation of arthoconidia, begins as generalized inection, then spreads to rest of body

A

Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)

64
Q

In _________ arthroconidia germinate in alveoli forms spherules which matures and creates spores(multiples divisions) then releases into neighboring tissues which inhitiates new cycle.

A

Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)

65
Q

_______(aka thrush) due to yeast or candidiasis, it targets skin and mucous membrane of mouth throat, osophagus and vagina.

A

Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)

66
Q

_____ is commonly observed during prolonged or board spectrum treatment, it alters food taste and affects appetite

A

Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)

Biol3 (26 decks)

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