FinalExam: Bacteria Genetics, Fungi Flashcards
_______ are heterotrophs and saprophytes
fungi
some _______ are parasites cell wall made of chitin(target for antifungal agents) is present.
fungi
majority of ____ are aerobes or facultative anerobes (except yeast) and few are obligate anaerobes
fungi
______ prefers to grow at acidic pH (5 or lower) in high salt
fungi
In ______, sugar in slight moist environment and relative humidity of 70% or more
fungi
___1____ have a filamentous body (mycelium); and the individual filament is called ___2____
- Fungi
- hypha (pl hyphae)
Fungi of the individual filament is called _______, are well adapted to aobsorb food, such as high surface to volume ratio and releases enymes to breakdown foodl also acts as a repellant.
hypha (pl hyphae)
________ are segment of hyphae which obtains nutrition
vegetative hyphae
______ projects above the surface; bears reproductive spores
aerial hyphae
_______ includes haustoria and rhizoids
Specialized hyphae
The Specialized hyphae that includes _____ are associated with parasitic fungi (associate w/ fungal infection), gentle nature of hyphae
Haustoria
the specialized hyphae that includes ______ are associated with saprophytic fungi (suck up nutrient from non-living objects), aggressive nature of hyphae
rhizoids
____1___ are one which can grow as both yeast like (unicellular) or as mycelia; human pathogenic fungi are ____1___
dimorphic
2 classes of hyphae depending on the presence of septa (cross wall) are ____1___ and ___2____
- septate hyphae
- coenocytic hyphae
_____ are individual cells are separated from one another by septa - microscopic openings (woronin bodies), most of nutrient p/u by vegetative move upward to aerial hyphae , mobilizes cellular resources right to the point of growth (aerial hyphae)
septate hyphae
_____ are long structure with cells but no cross wall
coenocytic hyphae
____ are present in All fungi
- digest damaged cells
- helps parasitic fungi to invade host
lysosomes
Fungi have _______ that can germinate and develop into a new hyphae and mycelium
- Male Hyphae : has + nucleus
- Female Hyphae: has -nucleus
- Membrane fusion (of male & female)—>nucleus fusion (karyogammy) —> nucleus then form zygospore 2N chromosomes (equivalent to zygote) —> undergo meiosis —> form fruiting bodies containing N spores
—> Fruiting bodies: Sporangium of Rhizopus fungi - release spores and columella remain.
unusual reproductive modes (sexual & asexual)
_____ has spores
Sporangium
_____ are the body of fungi
Sporangiosphore
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ________ that includes amphotericin and nystatin, it binds to ergosterol component, results in leaking membrane. its very toxic; limited use in life threatening condition
polyenes
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ______ that includes clotrimazole and miconazole, it inhibit ergosterol synthesis; interfere in the synthetic pathway. the active componenet of medications to treat localized, superficial yeast infection.
azoles
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell wall synthesis, ______ is used for candida and aspergillosis treatment that interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis
Echinocandins
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell division, ______ (synthesized by some fungi) are exact mechanism, it interfere with spinder fibers component (tubulin) and blocks mitotic events. used in treatment of nail and skin fungal infections
gresiofulvin
polymerization due to tubulin assembly extension of ______
spindle fibers
depolymerization of tubulin subunits shortening of ________
spindle fibers
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for nucleic acid synthesis (poor target), _______ is taken by yeast cells and converted into active inhibitory form, 5 fluorouracil, it inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
flucytosine
In the cytoplasm, ____ blocks biosynthesis of ergosterol, a sterol needed for cell membrane stability.
azoles
outside of the cytoplasm, ______ forms aggregates in cell membrane with ergosterol, leading to pores that cause leakage of cellular contents
Amphotercin B
_______ interwoven polymers of glucans, chitins and various proteins
fungal cell wall
______ (Mycoses) mainly associates with opportunist infection, meaning when body is low defenses.
fungal diseases
physicians classify mycoses as ______ when restricted on surface of nails, hairs and outer skin layer.
superficial
physicians classify mycoses as _______(in skin) due to onset of CMI(Cellor mediated immune) response.
cutaneous
physicians classify mycoses as ______ in hypodermis and muscle or bones
wound/subcutaneous
physicians classify mycoses as ______ affecting many systems and spread throughout body
systemic
_______ acquired by contract with hyphae or fungal spores or with shared objects
superficial mycoses
example of superficial mycoses is ________ (due to melassezia furfur) its hyper/hypo pigmentation is due to melanin pigment interference. Versicolor is due to trunk arm area, activation pigment
pityriasis versicolor
_________(superficial mycoses) is a dimorphic fungil feeds on the sebum(uses as nutrient) and makes keratinase.
pityriasis versicolor
_______(superficial mycoses) immune compromised individual, infection can be systemic (all across of the body)
pityriasis versicolor
the treatment for _______(superficial mycoses) is antifungal imidazoles, you apply on the affect area.
pityriasis versicolor
A example of cutaneous mycoses aka ringworm caused by _____ that invades skin and activate CMI; in turn damages deeper tissues
dermatophytes (aka ringworm)
In athletes foot, ______(cutaneous mycoses) uses keratin as nutrient and conlonizes skin, nails and hair. they remains localized in dermis and hypodermis; rarely becomes systemic
dermatophytes (aka ringworm)
, _______ associated with humans only, transmitted by close contact or fomite sharing
anthrophilic
________ are associated with animals; transmitted via close contact or through contaminated leather, wool, feather
zoophilic
_____ includes soil fungi and transmitted via soil exposure or dust
geophilic
_______ fungi grows deep into hypodermis and bone but dont become systemic infection, produce on skin surface lesions
wound mycoses
_______ have common ones which are chromoblastomycoses, mycetoma and sporotrichosis
wound mycoses
_____ appears as small, painless but itchy, scaly lesion on skin due to fungal growth in subcutaneous tissues
chromoblastomycoses
_______ lesion progressively worsens and becomes tumor like and extensive if untreated
chromoblastomycoses
_____ inflammation with fibrous tissue forms along with abscess in surrounding tissues
chromoblastomycoses
______ caused by soil fungi, tumor like infection of skin, facia and bones; slow growing.
Mycetomas
_______ is once its infected, it invades body tissues eventually abrasions (scrapes) and prick wound (punctures) by sharp twigs, thorns.
Mycetomas
______ facilitates fungi entry protective clothing and shoes minmizes / reduces infection risk.
Mycetomas
_____causes wound site forms Nodules(hard sub surface) with time lesion worses become ulcerated with pus, then releases spores and hyphae then mitigates spread to other tissues which results permanent deformity
Mycetomas
______ (aka rose gardner disease) is due to dimorphic fungi limited to subcutaneous infection of the arm and leg; no systemic infection.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
______ soil is the natural habitat; transmitted as mycetomas pathogen higher risk of infection is noted amongst avid gardeners, farmers and artisans who work with natural plant materials.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
______ is common in moist areas; equally distributed amongst tropics an subtropics.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ appears as painless, nodular lesion at site and gets filled with pus; don’t spread.
fixed sporotrichosis
theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ enters lymphatic system near inoculation site(primary lesion) transform into sec lesion on skin surface and remains.. This one spreads.
lymphocutaneous
______ is yeast like forms(psudohyl) hyphae
dimorphic fungi
______ (aka valley fever) its due to C.immitis, a dimorphic fungi
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
______ grows as mycelium in soil and produces asexual spores(arthoconidia) that germinates to form mycelia.
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
______ yeast form at body’s temperature(pathogenic form) enters body via inhalation of arthoconidia, begins as generalized inection, then spreads to rest of body
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
In _________ arthroconidia germinate in alveoli forms spherules which matures and creates spores(multiples divisions) then releases into neighboring tissues which inhitiates new cycle.
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
_______(aka thrush) due to yeast or candidiasis, it targets skin and mucous membrane of mouth throat, osophagus and vagina.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)
_____ is commonly observed during prolonged or board spectrum treatment, it alters food taste and affects appetite
Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)
