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Biol3 > Exam2:Cell anatomy, appendages/internal, toxin > Flashcards

Exam2:Cell anatomy, appendages/internal, toxin Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria cell envelope contain a

A

Capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane

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2
Q

Bacteria appendages ?

A

Flagella, fimbriae, pili, endoflagella

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3
Q

Exchange of genetic material between cells is meditated via sex of pili

A

FPili -> SexPili

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4
Q

Bacteria accessory structures

A

Chromosome, plasmids ribosomes, inclusions

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5
Q

Bacteria chromosome contain

A

One circular chromosome

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6
Q

What are subunits of Bacteria plasmids ribosomes

A

Bacterial ribosomes 70s30s small subunit 50s large subunit

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7
Q

What are subunits of Eukaryotic plasmid ribosomes

A

Eukaryotic plasmid ribosomes 80s40s Small subunit 60s large subunit

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8
Q

The 3 Granules of Inclusions

A

Volutin granules, polysaccharides granules, B-Hydroxybutyric acid granulesExtra: 1 buck cells will have 1 type of inclusion bodies(Inclusions define as storage granules/nonfunctional units)

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9
Q

_________ will have 1 type of inclusion bodies

A

1 buck cells

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10
Q

Glycocalyx are sugar __________

A

Covering coat

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11
Q

Glycocalyx is viscous, gelatinous material present on the __________ surface

A

External

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12
Q

Glycocalyx composed mainly of ___________. And exmple of bacteria is _____________.

A

Polysaccharide Bacillus anthracis

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13
Q

Glycocalyx synthesized inside ________ cell and secreted outside onto cell surface

A

Poly D Glutamic Acid

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14
Q

When staining and detection for glycocalyx you use ______ and _______

A

Acidic dye and negative staining

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15
Q

The _______ of glycocalyx is well structured and firmly attached to cell wall

A

Capsule

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16
Q

________ is the secreted portion is disorganized and loosely attached

A

Slime layer

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17
Q

The capsule function is ______ defense barrier

A

Passive

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18
Q

Capsule function for protection is due to its __________ nature which is ___________ are the structural protein that enchanted disease carrier ability of pathogen.

A

ANTI-PhagocyticVirulence factor

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19
Q

Capsule ______ chemical compounds normally present in host human body fails to stimulate host defense systemExample that has a capsule made of hyaluronic Acid is ______.

A

MimicksStreptococcus pyogene

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20
Q

Capsule has a ______ nature that tend to ________ away from defense cell phagocytosis

A

SlipperySlip

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21
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae &a capsule has 2 variant _______ & ______

A

Capsulated which is pathogenic causes full blown disease in human Noncapsulated which is nonpathogentic which fails to established

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22
Q

Capsule protect cell from _______, due to its functional capacity to bind and retain water molecules (hydrophilic nature)

A

Drying

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23
Q

A capsule _______ plays critical role during initial attachment to their host surface, its _______ surface can be pinned down phagocytosed or eliminated by defense cells

A

Colonization Rough surface

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24
Q

______ and _______ colonize on the tooth which has no role in transplant nutrient source for bacteria. Surface ferment ______ and produce acidic products which destroys tooth and cause tooth decay

A

Streptococcus mutants and dential plagueSugar

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25
Q

__________ is trademark of streptococcus pneumonia capsule subunit vaccine

A

Prenate 13

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26
Q

bacterial cell wall: ______ macromolecule and provides rigidly and mechanical stability due to its highly _________ structures

A

Grampositive peptidoglycancrosslined

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27
Q

bacterial cell wall: Backbone linear polymer of repeat __________ units, the units are made of alternating NAG and NAM linked by ____________

A

disaccharideo-glycosidic linkage

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28
Q

bacterial cell wall: Tail _________ composed of alternating ___ and ___ amino acids___ are stereoisomers mostly found in cell which is rare.___ more found in amino acids

A

TetrapeptideD and LD are stereoisomers mostly found in cell which is rare.L more found in amino acids

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29
Q

_______ attaches to NAM via a complex linkagewhich minimizes tendency to form helices and provides an extended “Rigid” peptide chain

A

Tail

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30
Q

________ crosslink between parallel tetrapeptide side chains which stabilize the polypeptide structure

A

bridge (connecting chain)

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31
Q

_______ made of ether short chain of amino acids or directly bonded to one another, which links 3rd residue of one chain to the 4th residual amino acid of the adjacent tetrapeptide chain

A

bridge (connecting chain)

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32
Q

_______ enzyme facilitate crossing bridging which are in Gram positive and Gram negative

A

Penicillin Bind Protein (PBP)

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33
Q

________ is a multilayered, permits free passage of substances (sugar,ions,aminoacids)- it posses typical peptidoglycan structure with few unque features.

A

Gram Positive

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34
Q

______ -the third amino acid in the tetrapeptide tail is always L-ysine-wide variation in bridge amino acid sequence

A

Gram Positive

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35
Q

_______ are found associated with Gram Positive Cell wall

A

teichoic Acid

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36
Q

________ is Gram positive cell wall but is resistant to gram staining is due to the presence of waxy mycolic acid in it cell wall structure

A

mycobacterium cell wall

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37
Q

________ polymer of sugar/glycerol phosphate with amino acid (D-alanine) which are covalently attached to NAM

A

teichoic acids

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38
Q

_______ are classes of teichoic acids, which spans the thick peptidoglycan layer that attached to plasma membrane lipids

A

lipoteichoic acid

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39
Q

______ are classes of teichoic acids, which confined to the peptidoglycan layer

A

wall teichoic acid

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40
Q

-binds and regulate gram positive charged ions movements into and out of the cell-they furnish attachment site for many bacteriophages-provides antigenic specificity

A

teichoic acid

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41
Q

______ is one of the PAMP’s but are not found in human body

A

teichoic acid

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42
Q

________ consist of periplasm and periplasmic space-1-2 layers of peptidogly can-an outermembrane cell wall-NOOOOOO TEICHOIC ACID

A

gram negative

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43
Q

_________ thin layered, suspended in the periplasmic space-linked to outer membrane (lipoprotein)-posses typical peptidoglycan structure with two changes

A

gram negative

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44
Q

______ the third amino acid of the tetrapeptide tail is diaminopimelic acid

A

gram negative

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45
Q

________ -the cross bridge is direct!!!!!-linking pattern is similar the 3rd amino acid of tail is directly connected to the 4th amino acid of the adjacent tail from NAM

A

gram negative

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46
Q

_______ are lipopolysaccharide layer and asymmetric lipid bilayerwhich also consist of lipoproteins, phospholipids and proteins

A

gram negative “outer membrane architectures”

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47
Q

________ serves as molecular finger print during identification process-made of two component polysaccharide portion and lipid portion (lipid A)

A

lipopolysaccharide molecule

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48
Q

_______ polymeric sugars with o-glycosidic bonds-composition varies among bacteria E.coli 0157 (cattle intestine) and E.coli K12 (human intestine)

A

polysaccharide portion

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49
Q

-plays role in resistance toward complement activation and MAC lysis (membrane attack complex)

A

polysaccharide portion

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50
Q

_________ resistance which have extended lipopolysaccharide to keep MAC away

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

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51
Q

______ is essential for insertion of polysaccharide in the outer membrane leaflet-released during bacterial lysis due to -antibiotic associated cell lysis-phagocytosis by macrophagest other defense cell- MAC mediated complement lysis

A

lipid portion

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52
Q

_______ plays important role during pathogenesis of many microbes, which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

lipid portion

53
Q

________ interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis that binds to PBP, which facilitates cross linking of adjacent tetrapeptide chain that acts like a barrier

A

penicillin

54
Q

______ is effective only against gram positive bacteria because gram negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharide and protein layer of the cell wall, preventing _______ from attacking

A

penicillin

55
Q

______ binds to 4th amino acid of the tail to prevent cross binding

A

vancomylin

56
Q

______ present in tears, saliva and body fluid-breaks bond between NAG and NAM (backbone structure)-provides natural defense

A

lysozyme

57
Q

_______ are gram positive cells stripped off the cell wall mechanism of antibiotic resistance against cell wall acting antibiotic

A

Protoplast

58
Q

______ are gram negative cells partially stripped off cell wall

A

spheroplast

59
Q

_______ is thin structure lies inside the cell-defines as the external boundary of cell- has prokaryote plasma membrane which consist

A

plasma membrane

60
Q

_______ plasma membraneconsist of protein, lipids, glycoproteins, and most plasma membrane have NO CHOLESTEROL!

A

prokaryote

61
Q

_______ membrane has cholesterol in plasma, also cannot treat with penicillin

A

mycoplasma

62
Q

_____ acts as selective barrier which monitors flow in both direction and helps maintain constant appropriate internal environment

A

plasma membrane

63
Q

antibiotics and disinfectant:_______ trademarks name of phenol based antibacterial agent (6 phenyphenol)

A

Lysol

64
Q

antibiotics and disinfectant:______ acts in a similar way as lysol, is a phenol based antibacterial agent.

A

alcohol

65
Q

antibiotics and disinfectant:______ is part of 1st aid ointment that dissolves lipid and denatured membrane proteins then cell dies

A

polymixin B

66
Q

_______ extend into or through the lipids bilayer which typically are trans membranes proteins

A

integral proteins

67
Q

_______ attached to inner or outer surface of membranes which functions as enzymes, scaffold, receptors

A

peripheral proteins

68
Q

______ are mechanism that facilitates small molecules to enter cell across the normally impermeable membrane

A

transport system

69
Q

roles of _______-to bring in nutrients-expel waste products and substances harmful to the cell-secretes selective proteins molecules

A

transport system

70
Q

_______ bacteria secrete alpha - amylasewhich are starch>glucose unit>transport in cells

A

slime

71
Q

______ harmful substances made by some pathogenic bacteria sps.-cause tissue injury/trigger host immune response-normally blood or lymph soluble; are systemically distributed

A

toxin

72
Q

advantage to bacteria when it makes _______ helps the bacteria be shredded from body one of mechanism of bacteria spread transmission, it compromised immune system so the host immune system has least impact on bacteria

A

toxin

73
Q

______ are altered/inactivated toxins, mainly for exotoxins, -often used as vaccines; stimulates antibody production, -inactivating of toxin preparation physical means radiation/heat or chemicals

A

toxoid

74
Q

_______ clinical term for presence of toxin in blood such as endotoxemia-endotoxin in blood

A

toxemia

75
Q

______ are usually ABS of proteins the recognized and binds to toxin then neutralized the toxin

A

antitoxin

76
Q

______ ability of bacteria to make toxin

A

toxigenicity

77
Q

tissue injury could be ______ secreted and destroy host cells mediated by interference of bacterial toxin

A

exotoxins

78
Q

tissue injury could be ________ released upon cell desk (naturally or following phagocytosis) stimulates body cells to releases chemicals that causes coagulation shock and low blood pressure increased permeability of hemorrhage blood vessel

A

endotoxin

79
Q

is this exotoxin or endotoxin?source: gram positive and gram negativerelative toxicity: highheat stability: unstable at high temp. (Inactive)effect on host: variable

A

exotoxin

80
Q

is this exotoxin or endotoxin?source: gram negative onlyrelative toxicity: lowheat stability: stable at 1hr, 120Ceffect on host: fever, shock, coagulation

A

endotoxin

81
Q

-synthesized and secreted by gram +/- bacteria; part of their normal growth and metabolism-coded by plasmids or phage DNA

A

exotoxin

82
Q

These are the groups of _______cytotoxins, neurotoxins, entertoxins,superantigens

A

exotoxin

83
Q

three types of cytotoxin kills/affects host cells functions:examples of ______ secreted by S. pneumonia that binds to cholesterol of ciliated epithelial cells and make holes. S. pneumonia inhibits phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, inhibits digestion

A

pneumolysin

84
Q

three types of cytotoxin kills/affects host cells functions:examples of _______ binds and inactives eukaryotic elongation factors -2 (EFF2) stops host cells proteins sythesis

A

diphtheria toxin

85
Q

three types of cytotoxin kills/affects host cells functions:examples of ________ which also contain 3 parts of toxin is protective antigens, lethal factor, edema factor

A

anthrax toxin

86
Q

shiga toxin potent cytotoxin made by _______

A

E.coli 0157 H7

87
Q

which toxin is ______ thatA part enters endothelial cells which reacts with ribosomes and stops protein syntheses

A

shiga toxin

88
Q

_______ is responsible for RBC’s break up in tiny blood vessels which results in anemia, kidney failure accompanied by paralysis and nervous system injury signs.

A

hemolytic anemic syndrome

89
Q

________ impairs neuronal cells function which cause paralysis

A

neurotoxin

90
Q

_______ alters functioning of the gastrointestinal cell lining which causes intestinal disturbances.

A

enterotoxin

91
Q

_______ encoded by phage DNAA subunit - modifies or degraded inside cellB subunit - E1Tor sps strain of V. Choleral or 0139 bengal strain emerging pathogen more virulent

A

cholera toxin

92
Q

_________ soluble NSF attachment receptor protein

A

SNARE

93
Q

_____ N ethyl maleimide sensitive fusion protein

A

NSF

94
Q

Tetanus toxin action as tetanospasmin ________

A

GABA

95
Q

______ lipid A portion of outer membrane LPS of gram negative sps.-released upon cell damage and cell wall breakage- all _______ produce the same signs and symptoms, though to different degree-_______ have the same mode of action, irrespecive of the species

A

endotoxin

96
Q

_______ to loss of bicarbonate ions

A

metabolic acidosis

97
Q

_______ would lead to loss of blood pressure which eventually vital organ and failure

A

Hypovolumic shock

98
Q

_________ are long, semi rigid and filamentous appendage, aids in motility.-acts as a spinning motor, propels cell in forward direction-_______ motility involves expenditure of cellular energy

A

flagella

99
Q

Flagellum has 3 basic parts(acts like PAMP)_______ long whiplike structure of constant diameter -no covering - structural component globular protein

A

Filament

100
Q

Flagellum has 3 basic parts(acts like PAMP)_______ wider part to which filament is attached

A

Hook

101
Q

Flagellum has 3 basic parts(acts like PAMP)_______ anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane-includes a central rod inserted into a series of ringsGram Positive _______Gram Negative _______

A

Basal BodyGram positive - one pair of rings which is attached to plasma membrane.Gram negative - two pair of ringsouter pair attaches to cell wallinner pair attaches to plasma membrane

102
Q

Flagella arrangement:______ single polar flagella ex. pseudomonas aeroginosa

A

monotrichous

103
Q

Flagella arrangement:_____ flagella distributed over entire surface, functions in unison as a single unit

A

peritrichous

104
Q

Flagella arrangement:_______ tuft of flagella at each end of cellex. spirlillum voutans

A

amphitrichous

105
Q

flagella arrangement:______ two or more flagella at at one pole of cellex: helicobacter pylorii, helps bacteria to cross the mucosal coating of the intestinal epithelium (virulence factor)

A

lophotrichous

106
Q

chemical (chemotaxis)attractant (ex.nutrient) cells move towards it ______repellent (ex.toxic, heat) cells move away from it ________

A

positive taxisnegative taxis

107
Q

Chemotaxis:attractant more ____ of longer duration and _____repellent more _____ and _______

A

run of longer duration and less tumblesmore tumbles and less run

108
Q

chemotaxis:______ sustained unidirectional movement

A

runs

109
Q

______ sudden stop, cells rolls over several times. changes direction and resume run

A

tumbles

110
Q

______ also called sex ____ or F ____ or conjugation______ are shorter than flagella-usually 1-10 sex ___ per cells-aids in joining cells of opposite mating typesduring conjugation process is one of the ways by which cells exchange genetic material

A

pili (pilius)

111
Q

________ (variation of pili)_______ numbers varies (few to thousands) distributed throughout or have polar concentration-aids in attachment to substrate as well as to one another -harbors _______ , ether at the tip or all along its length

A

FimbriaeHarbors adhesin Note: pili and fimbriae have piling proteins

112
Q

Attaches to cells lining the urogential system (urethra and vagina) not other place

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and pathogenesis

113
Q

Which juice helps with UTI which Directly filter from kidney and do not detoxyfiedIt strips off bacteria and flush out E.Coli

A

Cranberry

114
Q

Bordetella have and helps

A

Adhensins and secure

115
Q

_______ present in spirochetes Ex: treponema palliolion and Lyme disease pathogen There is an Luther sheath membrane below which are fibrils (axial filaments)-sheath is anchored at one end and spirals around cells-uses cork screw motion to drill into viscous tissues of their host

A

Endoflagella

116
Q

__________ its single circular double stranded DNA molecule. (Supercooled)-anchored to plasma membrane; confined in nucleoid area

A

Chromosomes

117
Q

______ small, extrachromosomal DNA molecules-self replicating units-are not required for metabolism / survival under normal condition It doesn’t encode any “house keeping gene” but provides selective advantages to bacteria cell-function of _____carry genes for activities such as -antibiotics resistance-toxins production

A

Plasmids

118
Q

_____ is associated with Bacterial translation -are smaller, less dense than eukaryotes ________ (70s vs 80s)-made of 2 subunits; preferred target site of some antibiotics actionBacteria ______. ____S _____ small subunit_____ large subunitEukaryotes ______ _____S_____ small subunit_____ large subunit

A

Ribosomes Bacterial ribosomes 70s30s small 50s largeEukaryotes ribosomes 80s40s small 60s large

119
Q

Plasma types : ______ codes for sex pili (f pili)-involved in conjunction process

A

Fertility plasmid

120
Q

Plasmid type:________ carry resistance genes for antimicrobial agents -have both origin of transfer genes as well as _______ genes -are self transmissionable plasmid (don’t need help of F plasmid)

A

Resistance plasmids

121
Q

Plasmid type:Carry genes for the _______Roles of ______ toxin Kill other competing bacteria cells that don’t have bacteria plasmid

A

Bacteriocin plasmid

122
Q

Plasmid type: Carry genetic information for ______structures enzymes or toxin

A

Virulence plasmid

123
Q

______have 2 plasmidsCapsule - poly D glutamic acidsAnthrax toxin 3 parts toxin

A

Bacillus anthracis

124
Q

________ represents polyphosphate granules

  • can be degraded and used as iP source for PL, ATP, nucleic acid, teichic acid
  • stains red with some blue dyes (methylene blue)
  • characteristic feature of corynebacterium diptheriae
A

metachromatic granules

(aka storage granules “nonfunctional unit)

125
Q

__________ includes starch and glycogen

  • they are storage depot for carbon and energy source
  • clinically useful for chlamydia sps indentification
A

polysaccharides granules

126
Q

_________ represented by inclusions of poly B-hydroxy butyric acid(PBB) surrounded by monolayer membrane “cytoplasm”

  • like polysaccharide, they are carbon and energy storage polymer
  • observed in mycobacterium
A

Lipid inclusion

127
Q

_____ are refractile structures; commonly made by the gram positive

  • produced in response to unfavorable conditions
  • single bacterium make one spore “spore dormant structures and highly resistant to harsh environments
  • spores contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes and dipicolinic acid accompanied by increased Ca ions
A

endospores

128
Q

_____ is the process of endospore formation within vegetative cell

A

sporulation

129
Q

_______ is the process by which the endospore returns to the vegetative cell

A

germination

Biol3 (26 decks)

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