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Biol3 > Exam 4 (Randomized): DNA,Rickettesia, Chlamydia, Myoplasma > Flashcards

Exam 4 (Randomized): DNA,Rickettesia, Chlamydia, Myoplasma Flashcards

1
Q

______ causes rocky mountain spotted fever and transmitted by ticks (dermacentor)

note: NO human to human transmission, only by ticks to human.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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2
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _________ makes RNA primer for polymerase action

A

DNA Primase

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3
Q

Lac operon encodes for ___1___, ___2___, and __3___

A
  1. LacX : lactose permease
  2. LacY : Beta galactosidase
  3. LacZ : role is unclear
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4
Q

transcription requirement of RNA ribonucleotide which is ______\_

A

Atp,Ctp,Gtp,Utp (A,C,G,U)

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5
Q

this picture is called the _______

A

Concurrent RNA transcription

Note: Remember the seqeunce showed here

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6
Q

Replisome “______ components” includes template DNA strand, RNA nucleotides, energy, Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), origin of replication, primers

A

Replisome “Non Protein components”

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7
Q

_______ is a slow growing pathogen and divides only 8-12hrs. it remains dormant in tick’s salivary gland; prolonged feeding makes infective bacteria release into host system.

A

Rickettsia rickettsili

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8
Q

the ______ stage of translation

A

Elongation stage

Note: remember the picture below

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9
Q

______ is asymmetric, meaning one strand is syntherized at faster rate compared to other strand synthesis.

A

DNA replication

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10
Q

____1____ is a very accurate process is due to the proof reading activity of DNA polymerase high fidelity in ____1_____.

A
  1. DNA replication
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11
Q

_______ includes protein component and non protein component.

A

Replisome

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12
Q

In Dogma, base pairing occurs in a specific way; thje 2 strands are _______.

A

complimentary

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13
Q

Pol l (DNA polymerase 1): involves with _______

A

okazaki fragments

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14
Q

There is NO ______ for the stop codons

A

t-RNA

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15
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ joins the Okazaki fragments

A

DNA Ligase

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16
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ separates the strands (meaning unwinds)

A

DNA Helicase

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17
Q

Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis in men is ________, first symptom is usually a leakage of milky fluid (discharge) from the tip of the penis. If the infection is not treated, it may move up around the testicles, causing pain, swelling, and sterility.

A

Symptomatic

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18
Q

_____ is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. from one individual to another individual.

A

Vector

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19
Q

Ribosomes large subunits sites that has a ______ site where peptide bonds are made

A

P (Peptidyl) site

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20
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ degrades the RNA Primer. it recognize the RNA of the H(Hybrid)

A

DNA RNase H

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21
Q

Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis is _______, common in women and complication is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to immune response; increase risk of steriling and ectopic pregnancy.

A

Asymptomatic

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22
Q

_______ has 3 steps:

  1. Unwinding: hydrogen bond breaks
  2. complimentary base pairing
  3. bond formation
A

DNA replication

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23
Q

_______ means phosphous diester bond between new nucleotide and the group end of DNA. Also hydrogen bonds between strand

A

Bond formation

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24
Q

Replisome “______ components” includes

Non enzymatic and Enzymatic

A

Replisome “protein components”

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25
Q

In DOGMA, _____ structure is susceptible to denaturation (melting),

Denaturation meaning as separation of the 2 strands which is heat and chemical

A

DNA

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26
Q

________ spotted rash is on the trunks, appendages, palms and soles along with fever, headache, chills, muscle aches. It may involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous system.

-If left untreated, CNS infection may induce convulsions, coma and death.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

Note: Don’t cause or associated with rickets(rickets is different)

rickets is nutritional deficiency diseases

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27
Q

3 steps of transcription

Step 3. ___1____ : polymerase dissociates, releases template along with the newly synthesized RNA. also have two types of ___1____ processes in bacteria, which are Rho dependent structure and self ___1___ due to hair pin loop.

A
  1. termination
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28
Q

Nitrogenous bases are

  1. ______(A,G)
  2. ______(C,T)
A
  1. Purines (A,G)
  2. Pyrimidine(C,T)

Note: sequences

Correct: Pu-Py

incorrect: Py-Py

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29
Q

________ is bi-directional

A

DNA replication

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30
Q

________ is

  • large, pleomorphie
  • reproductive forms
  • intracellular form because energy parasites entirely lacking ATP synthesis
A

reticulate bodies (RB or initial bodies)

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31
Q

_______ is virulence, is due to escape from host immune response, it’s unique cell wall prevents phagosome fusing with lysosomes inside phagocytes

A

Chlamydia

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32
Q

_______ is some amino acids are coded by more than 1 codon,

and the advantage is if one nucleotide is not copied incorporated in mRNA; still it can code for correct amino acid which allow room for mistakes made by RNA polymerase.(mistakes are due to poor proof reading activity)

A

codon degeneracy

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33
Q

____1___ cell divide 2 things occurs

  1. DNA replication distributed to daugther cell
  2. _____1____ information contained within the DNA is passed on to daugther cells, is express includes

transcription RNA synthesis DNA to RNA.

translation (proteinsynthesis RNA to protein

A
  1. gene expression
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34
Q

_____ have DNA, RNA and 70S ribosomes

A

Chlamydia

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35
Q

_____ provides platform where codons (of mRNA) are transformed into amino acid sequence of proteins

  • has small and large subunit

large subunit has P, A and E site

A

ribosomes

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36
Q

In DOGMA, its not the number but the sequence of _____1___ is important. (hundreds of ___1_____ of DNA

A

1.nucleotide

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37
Q

________ initiates from the origin of replication

A

DNA replication

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38
Q

______ strands in helix like structure; 2 strands are anti-parallel

A

DNA

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39
Q

______ enters through cuts, abrasions; infects mucosal and conjunctival cells

A

Chlamydia

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40
Q

______ involves decoding the mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence of proteins

A

translation

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41
Q

___1__ present in mRNA, triplet of nucleotide which codes for a specific amino acid, and there are 64 possible ___1__ for the 22 possible amino acids

A

1.codon

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42
Q

______ is where active DNA replication occurs in replication bubble

  • parental strand are no more paired at the replication fork
A

replication fork

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43
Q

DNA -> RNA -> mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are particpate in translation in ___1____.

DNA -> RNA -> primer RNA is involved in ____2____.

A
  1. protein synthesis
  2. DNA replication
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44
Q

although there are total of 64 possible codons,

but only 61 ___1____ which all code for amino acids also have a corresponding tRNA.

the remaining 3 are ___2___, that dont code for any amino acid, that are NO tRNA associated with these signal for translation.

A
  1. sense codons
  2. non sense codons (or stop codons)
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45
Q

No toxin is secreted by _______, disease is due to damaged blood vessel which causes blood to escape (petechiae) another word subcutaneous hemorrhage which end up low blood pressure and poor oxygenation.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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46
Q

Synthesis of ________ is continously polymerized of DNA nucleotides “choose the replication fork”

A

leading strand

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47
Q

Transcription requirement of template DNA has _______ sequence which is reconized by RNA polymerase and where transcription itiaks from.

A

promoter

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48
Q

How does elementary bodies(EB) and reticulate bodies(RB) process works?

A
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49
Q

_______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand.

  • has proof reading exonuclease activity
  • elongates DNA chain only in one direction 5’->3’ leading and lagging strand.
  • can only add nucleotide to an existing fragment of nucleic acids(primer)
A

DNA polymerase l (Pol l)

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50
Q

______ is semi-conservative, one strand serves as template for the new strand. each of the 2 new DNA mole cules generated contains, one of the original parental strand.

A

DNA replication

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51
Q

DNA inside cell exists as linear polymer of _________

A

deoxynucleotides

52
Q

______ is non motile, gram negative aerobic, obligate intracellular parasite. it has a peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide outer membrane; slime layer is also present.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

53
Q

___1____ is any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate.

Example:

DNA virus like ____2___ virus and

some RNA viruses like ____3____ have reverse transcriptiopn

RNA -> DNA -> RNA -> protein

A
  1. retrovirus
  2. hepatitis B
  3. HIV
54
Q

______ is when

High glucose -> low level of cAMP

Absent glucose -> high cAMP

A

CAP (Catabolite Activator Protein)

55
Q

DNA ______ is made of PO4 group and deoxyribose sugar

A

helix backbone

56
Q

3 Steps of transcription

step 1. _______ : polymerase binds to template at promote sequence.

A

initiation

57
Q

______ includes 2 separate but interdependent processes: transcription (trx) and translation.

A

gene expression

58
Q

3 steps of transcription

Step 2. _______ : polymerase moves along the template

A

Elongation

59
Q

In DOGMA, ______ is distributed equally betwen the daugther cells

A

DNA

60
Q

Some cells have at least one ____ for each amino acids; could be Charged and have amino acids attached to its acceptor arm or Discharge with NO amino acid attached

A

t-RNA

61
Q

______ present only in t-RNA molecule forms hydrogen bonds with codons (on mRNA)

A

anticodon

62
Q

______ is once considered belonging to viruses due to small size and intracellular life style (energy arasites lacking enzymes for ATP synthesis)

A

Chlamydia

63
Q

Drug: ________ target RNA polymerase of mycobacterial, drug often given to tuberculosis patient in the cocktail of anti tuberculosis drugs that bind and block RNA polymerase activity.

A

Rifamycin

64
Q

_______ is virulence, which is one of the few that cause hman disease mainly due to 2 factors.

  1. Capsule: provide protection from phagocytosis
  2. adhesive protein: attaches to ciliated epithelial cells receptors; interferes with mucus clearance and ciliary functions due to mucus builds and irritates respiratory tract
A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

65
Q

This picture shows Lac operon ______

A

induced

Note: remember the entire steps

66
Q

___1____ can be transmitted sexually or non sexually, how?

In sexually, _____1___ is non motile, which hitch hikes on sperm cells, binds to receptors on host cell surface. (note: same as Gonorrhea)

In non sexually, ____1____ is transmitted by in non chlorinated pool, during birth process inferior or poor medical care.

A
  1. chlamydia
67
Q

this is the translaton ______ complex

A

initiation complex

note: Remember that chart

68
Q

______ has clover leaf like structure with lops and stems which delivers amino acid to ribosomes; has acceptor arm where amino acid attaches

A

t-RNA

69
Q

ribosomes large subunits sites that has a _____ site where charged t-RNA entires the ribosomes.

A

A (Accepter) site

70
Q

a patients that is recovering from ________, may experience paralysis of the legs and gangrenous secondary infection with clostridium perfringens.

note: early diagnosis is essential and there is NOeffective vaccine as of now.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

71
Q

Deoxynucleotide are

  1. __________
  2. __________
  3. __________
A
  1. pentose sugar dexoyribose
  2. phosphate
  3. nitrogenous bases
72
Q

Chlamydia binds to conjuctival cells and multiplies within by killing them, which triggers pus formation then scares conjunctiva, which inturns patients eyelids turn inwards that causes eyelashes irritates, scratches and scars cornea, then triggers blood vessels invasion into clear areas; looses transparency which leads to blindness is a ocular disease called _________.

A

Conjunctiva trachomatis (these are the steps to this disease)

73
Q

In DOGMA, are held together by _______ between the bases. however its a weak bond but in numbers, its strong.

A

hydrogen bonds

74
Q

DNA replication requires energy; fueled by participation of ___1___. or ____1___is a building blocks and energy sources in DNA synthesis

A
  1. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
75
Q

____1____ has NO peptidoglycan between membranes, it has 2 membranes which is similar to gram negative cells surrounds each _____1___ cells but “NO CELL WALL” (note: penicellin cannot penetrate)

A

1.Chlamydia

note: I didnt understand this, but just remember there is no peptidoglycan

76
Q

Chlamydia that causes “Ocular Diseases” is ____1____, causes non traumatic blindness in children’s.

In adults can causes infection of the eye and lead to blindness as well is called, ___2____ is due to transmission from infected genitals to eyes, via fomites, fingers, flies

A
  1. conjunctivitis Trachoma
  2. trachomatis
77
Q

_____ is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product unit of genome

A

gene

78
Q

Transcription requirements are ___1__, ___2___,___3___, and ___4___.

A
  1. template DNA
  2. RNA ribonucleotide
  3. sigma factor
  4. RNA polymerase
79
Q

_______ and _______ are the only BACTERIA that are obligate intracellular parasite. Why? is not able to utilize glucose as a nutrient for energy. for it to obtain energy, it oxidses amino acids and intermediates of krebs cycle

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii and Chlamydia

80
Q

________ is the cell genetic information; mainly composed of DNA.

exception: is a group of virus that belong to RNA family of viruses

A

Genome

81
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

G-C is the base pair for ____ and ____.

G=Guanine C=Cytosine

A

DNA and RNA

82
Q

_______ causes persistant unproductive cough due to repeat attempt to clear mucus and pathogens from lungs

A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

83
Q

_______ have some unsual bases are present in, such as pseudouridine, inosine, dihydrouridine

A

t-RNA

84
Q

The _________ of DNA replication.

A

The bidirectionality of DNA replication

Note: just try to remember this sequence, the formation of “termination of replication”

85
Q

_______ model of DNA replication

A

Semiconservative model of DNA replication

note: try to understand how orginal DNA to second replication process

86
Q

Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________, is lesion in lymph nodes at the groin area also called “bubos” painful inflammed lymphnode.

A

Lymphogranuloma (LGV)

87
Q

In Chlamydia, different strains causes 2 main types of diseases which are ________ and ________.

A

1.Sexually transmitted diseases

  • Non gonococcal urethritis
  • Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LGV)
  • Trachomatis

2.Ocular diseases

  • Conjunctivitis trachoma
88
Q

A generic term referring to the four ____________________ dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP.

A

Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)

89
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand

A

DNA polymerase

90
Q

______ is

  • small, cocci shaped
  • infective form; dormant and similar to spores in resistance.
  • extracellular form
A

elementary bodies (EB)

91
Q

how is RNA polymerase different from DNA polymerase?(total of 5 differents)

and one similairly between the two.

A

Different

  1. no requirement of helicase in built ability to separate the 2 strands dring transcription
  2. no requirement of polymer
  3. has poor proof reading ability.
  4. incorporate ribonucleotide instead of deoxynucleotides
  5. incorporates with U instead of T

Similairly

  1. both syntheize in 5’->3’ direction polymerase
92
Q

_______ is the process of synthesis of complimentary RNA strand from DNA

  • gene acts as a template
A

transcription

93
Q

transcription requirement of template DNA has a _______ which signal end of transcription

A

terminator sequence

94
Q

Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________ is an infection of the urethra. is similiar to gonorrhea (note: Gonorrhea means flow of seed due to the pusk)

A

non gonococcal urethritis

95
Q

______ if its goes outside the host, it dies quickly; it needs transmission from one host to another (only by ticks to human, NO human to human) its a Vector, indirect transmission by a tick.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

96
Q

This picture show below is _____ enchances Lac transcription

A

CAP-cAMP

Note: Remember those steps

97
Q

_________ encompasses collaborative effort of many components such as proteins and non-proteins part, complexed as together as the replisome.

A

DNA Replication

98
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

A-U is the base pair for ____.

A=Adenine U=Uracll

A

RNA

99
Q

_________ penicillin is not effective; other antibiotics works. no available vaccine because cells contain cholesterol in membrane.

A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

100
Q

______ causes pneumonia, walking pneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia(dont need hospitialisation and means can infect immune compartment)

  • mild symptoms: fever, malaise headache
A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

101
Q

product of _______ is RNA, single stranded

  • four types, functions in cytoplasm
  • purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (C,U) are present; NO T
  • ribose sugars are found in RNA’s
A

Transcription

102
Q

the four _______ (Purine A,G and pyrimidine C,T) forms step of the helix ladder

A

nitrogenous bases

103
Q

Bacterial DNA is ___1___ means during a DNA synthesis is often time is in A-CH3 residue (rarely in C-CH3 residue but can be _____1____) is used to control of gene expression. it can turn on or off genes expression. it can signal initiation of DNA replication to protect bacteria DNA.

A
  1. methylated
104
Q

Replisome “protein components” ________ is single stranded DNA binding protein, ensures hydrogen bonds don’t form.

A

Non enzymatic

105
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

A-T is the base pair for _____(Genotype).

A=adenine T=thymine

A

DNA

106
Q

______ is followed by AUG and stops at another AUG

A

RBS(ribosome binding site)

107
Q

Pol lll (DNA polymerase 3): is “major player” involves in _______ and ______ strands synthesis

A

leading and lagging

108
Q

This picture shows Lac operon ______

A

repressed

Note: remember the entire steps

109
Q

Ribosomes large subunits that has ____ site which discharged t-RNA exits the ribosomes

A

E (Exit) Site

110
Q

the flow of genetic information to central ______ molecular biology.

DNA (transcription ->) RNA

RNA (translation ->) protein

A

DOGMA

111
Q

________ is the smallest form of life, originally thought as belonging to viruses; contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes and divide by binary fission. it’s pleomorphic and looks like fried egg appearance.

A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

112
Q

Synthesis of ________ discontinous synthesis due to DNA polymerase

A

lagging strand

113
Q

_____ are universal code used by all living organisms, ribosomes decipher mRNA information using the code.

A

genetic code

114
Q

________ enters by endocytosis and exits cells by exocytosis. prevents vesicle fusion with lysosomes to form phagosomes; breaks out of vesicle by enzyme secretion.

A

Rickettsia rickettsili

115
Q

transcription requirement of sigma factor is the subunit RNA polymerase reconqizes the _______

A

promoter sequence

116
Q

Replisome “protein components” ________ is DNA polymerase, Helicase, Gyrase, Primase, Ligase and RNase H.

A

Enzymatic

117
Q

_______ is DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to RNA sequence.

A

Transcription outcome

118
Q

______ is common amongst high school and college students, can be spread by close contact a via aerosole meaning through coughing, singing or talking at students.

A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

119
Q

____1___ are thread like structures within cells, contains DNA and associated proteins.

associated proteins are

____2____ absent in bacteria cell

____3____ protein bacteria chromosome non histone DNA

A
  1. chromosomes (In human is total of 46 chromosomes 23/23)
  2. normally histone
  3. non histone
120
Q

this is due to too many _____,

the picture showned below: A polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell.

A

mRNA

121
Q

Antibiotices that is effectiveness against chlamydia is ______1___ and ___2_____. (Note: PENCILLIN IS NOT EFFECTIVE)

A
  1. Doxycycline
  2. Erythromycin
122
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _____ alleviates the tension built between separated strands by cutting one of the strands (nicking)

A

DNA Gyrase

123
Q

the 3 steps of translation are ______, ______, and _____.

A

initiation, elongation and termination

124
Q

Drug: Ciprofloxacillin targets ___1___ and block its action, so NO DNA replication, NO bacterial growth then body defense system elimates bacteria.

A
  1. DNA gyrase

(Note: In human have equivalent enzyme topoisomerase (similar to Gyrase) is not effected by ciprofloxacillin)

125
Q

_______ has a inducible that is activated by inducers lac operon and repressible operon which is transcribed continously until deactivated by repressors

A

operon

Note: remember those steps

126
Q

the ______ of translation in prokaryotes

A

Initiation

Note: remember that picture below

Biol3 (26 decks)

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