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Biol3 > Final Exam: Virus > Flashcards

Final Exam: Virus Flashcards

1
Q

______ distinct biological entities belonging to the infectious agents group of microbial world

A

Viruses

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2
Q

____ Best described as obligate intracellular parasites

  • provide example of “cellular hijackers”
A

Viruses

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3
Q

______ invade/enter host cells and use the metabolic machine and resources of the host cells to make more copies of themselves.

  • host all as hostage
  • uses and abuse host cellulor resources
A

Viruses

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4
Q

______ has 2 common features, 1. all enter + replicate inside to make more copies of themselves

A

Viruses

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5
Q

______ has 2 common features, 2. all exit and are shedded to betransmitted into new host

A

Viruses

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6
Q

______ particles with a protein coat and genetic material; protein coat call capsids that protects genetic material

A

viruses

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7
Q

______ genetic material (aka genome) is ether DNA or RNA (never both) packaged inside with limited codin. Is the reasons why its so dependent on host cells for replication.

A

Viruses

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8
Q

Viruses _____ is made of subunit capsomers/capsomeres

A

capsids

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9
Q

Virus have _______ viral proteins which includes structral proteins and non structural proteins which includes enzymes unique to virus and regulator protein.

A

Genome encodes

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10
Q

influenza virus, common cold virus and zikka virus which is transmitted by mosquitos are _______.

A

RNA genome

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11
Q

______ human Papillone virus (HPV) are herpes family

A

DNA Virus

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12
Q

DNA virus of ______ are cold sores above the waist.

A

herpes simplex I (HSV-I)

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13
Q

DNA Virus of _______ is gential herpes, below the waist

A

Herpes simplex II (HSV-II)

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14
Q

DNA Virus of ______ is only herpes family member that is aerosole transmitted that causes 2 disease in some individual at two different times.

  • Young - Chicken pox (doesnt belong to pox family)
  • later in life - Causes shingles (zoster)
A

varicellazoster virus

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15
Q

Virus has ______ which makes virus particle ( interior and exterior) functions in one of the following ways:

  • i. attachment
  • ii. protecting viral nucleic acid
  • iii. modification of host cell
A

Structural proteins

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16
Q

_______ leads to cancerous, is fusion of infection cell with neighboring non infected cells. infected cells cancerous (unregulated growth and division of infected cells).

A

modification of host cell

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17
Q

________ unique and aren’t found inside host cell.

A

Viral enzymes:

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18
Q

______ dependent RNA polymase compare to DNA dependent, RNA polmerase of host cell

A

RNA

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19
Q

_______ reverse transcription to DNA nucleotid sequence following infection whch integrate the product of reverse transcription into host genomic DNA within 48-72 hours of infection.

A

viral RNA genome

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20
Q

______: varied functions, some are used to selectively turn on / off viral gene expression

A

. Viral regulatory proteins

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21
Q

________ others, used to take over host cell and convert into a efficient “factory” for virus production; modulate host defense. infected host cell, theyre not the target or thre not under the radar of the defense cell.

A

viral regulatory proteins

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22
Q

______ infect all life forms and are responsible for a variety of infectious diseases; can profoundly alter host cell behavior. it can cause the cell to be tumor or cancerous.

A

virus

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23
Q

We are a reservoir of ___1___ ; they set up residence in gut, lungs, liver.

  • our gut is loaded with bacteria harboring their own blend of ___1___
  • every one of our cell is infected
  • we carry viral genome as part of our own genetic material
A

1.viruses

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24
Q

_______ plays role in placenta devolop and fusion. they dont make particular

A

HERV (human endogenous retroviral sequences)

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25
Q

______ transplant into human

A

PERV (pigs/porcine family)

Porcine endogenous retrovirus genome

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26
Q

____ and ____ recombine to form/evolve a novel virus particle. meaning new virus human never experince (way in the future)

A

PERV and HERV

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27
Q

8% of our ____ contains these relics of ancient retroviruses

A

DNA

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28
Q

for virus, ______ can cross species barrier and they do so constantly such as zonotic viruses and rabies virus

A

viral inection

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29
Q

______ takes residence in metabolically active cells: depends on host cell for energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly. NEVER ON DEAD HUMANS/PLANTS/ANIMALS

A

viruses

30
Q

_______ don’t metabolize, respire or grow; they lack basic enzymes for many simple metabolic processes

A

viruses

31
Q

_____ lacks structures or appendages for motility. but virus are passively transmitted from one host to another following shedding.

A

viruses

32
Q

______ particles are formed by de novo assembly from newly synthesized components within host cell

NO binary fission or mitosis

A

Virus

33
Q

______ are not assigned binomial nomenclature (two names) but are grouped into “families”

Example: picorna family which is polio virus a common cold and herpes family

A

Viruses

34
Q

_______ smallest virus that infects human

A

polio virus

35
Q

______ is the largest virus that inects human

A

small pox

36
Q

______ largest virus infect amoeba

A

mimivirus

37
Q

________ largest non human virus, infect amoeba

A

potyvirus

38
Q

Virus has 3 main shapes, which are ______ is Rod shaped

Ex. Rabies, SARS corona virus

A

Helical

39
Q

Virus has 3 main shapes which is ______ shape: spherical appearance

Ex: Papillomaviruses ( HPV

A

Icosahedral

40
Q

Virus has 3 main shapes which is ______ (irregular shape) without clear symmetry

Ex: Poxvirus, Retroviruses

A

Complex particles

41
Q

_____ contain

Phage genome

  • d s DNA
  • s s DNA
  • s s RNA
A

Complex viruses

42
Q

Steps of _____ Replication it’s Attachment: random collision

    • weak interaction between tip of tail fiber ( attachment proteins) and specific residues (receptors) on the cell surface
    • tail pins on the base plate reinforces the attachment step
A

Phage

43
Q

Steps of _____ Replication Entry / Penetration : separation of capsid proteins and genome

Lysozyme degrades cell wall weaken or break PABA

A

Phage

44
Q

Steps of ______ replication it’s Lysozyme activation following attachment step results in

  • i. compression of tail contractile sheath units
  • ii. tube penetrates through cell wall and membrane, tip opens and phage DNA slips through into cytoplasm
A

phage

45
Q

Stage of ______ replication has Pilot protein : present at the base of tube that attaches to DNA, guides phage DNA passage into host cell’s cytoplasm

A

phage

46
Q

Stage of _____ replication, it’s Synthesis: includes genome replication, transcription and translation

  • Incoming phage DNA is transcribed and translated into proteins
A

phage

47
Q

Stage of _____ replication its transcription and translation initially uses the host cell RNA polymers viral DNA template.

A

phage

48
Q

Stage of phage replication ______ phages induced proteins that are not present in an uninfected cell. that includes viral RNA polymers

A

early protein

49
Q

Stage of phage replication, _____ includes capsid proteins (capsomeres) tall components and lyzozyme

A

late proteins

50
Q

Replication of phage genome _____ and ____ have Phage protein synthesis and genome replication occurs independently

A

DNA and RNA

51
Q

______ when new virus particles are made following infection of host cell

A

phage productive infection

52
Q

______ no new virus particle

A

phage non productive infection

53
Q

stage of _____ replication, Assembly and packaging complex, orderly sequence of events with self assembly and non enzymatic process

A

phage

54
Q

stage of _____ replication, involves capsid and phage genome interaction to form mature, infective phage

A

phage

55
Q

______ are used in phage, it doesnt become part of virus particles, it gets degraded with the host cell and viral encoded by late protein.

A

scaffold proteins

56
Q

Stage of _____ replication, Release / exit. Lysozyme is synthesized at a later stages of productive infection. Lysozyme breaks / loosens cell wall from inside; cell lysis ensues

  • Early synthesis result in non productive abortive infection
A

phage

57
Q

_____ and _____ of infection: lyse the host cell they infect

  • Burst time: period from entry to release of new virons or pentration
  • Burst size: numbers of virus particles released per infected cell 100-500 virus particles
A

Lytic phage and lytic cycle

58
Q

______ integration is at specific lotion within host genome that can popout from its own integration site during induction

A

prophages

59
Q

_______ integration is random in host DNA, is a permanent phenomeuon, no excision

A

provirus

60
Q

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle

•_______ (lysogenic phages): phage that live in close relationship with host bacterial cells

A

Temperate phage

61
Q

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle

_______: phage DNA incorporated at specific position within host cell DNA; becomes part of the bacterial DNA

A

Prophage

62
Q

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle

______ (lysogen): are prophage carrier cells

A

Lysogenic cell

63
Q

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle

_______ when the prophage “switches” from latent infection to lytic pathway

A

Phage induction

64
Q

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle

•_______: when prophage brings some new trait to the host cell

  • Ex: Cornybacterium diptheriae: toxin gene coded by phage genes
A

Lysogenic conversion

65
Q

_______ includes virulent that contain prohage that encodes the exotoxin diptheria toxin (eEF2) and avirulent

A

cornybacterium diptheriae

66
Q

lysogenic conversion are example of _______ and _______ toxin gene is encoded by prophage

A

Clostridium botulinum and choleratoxin

67
Q

lysogenic conversion are example of _______ is exotoxin for scarlet fever coded by phage gene.

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

68
Q

______ leads to non productive infection

A

defective phages

69
Q

_____ Therapy

Advantages:

  • i. prey on bacteria, never human cells
  • ii. don’t spread from person to person
  • iii. bacteria have trouble becoming immune to them
    • eliminate resistance
A

phage

70
Q

_____ therapy challeges

Challenges

  • iii. phages, recognized as “foreign” by immune system; quickly eliminated
  • iv. more detailed animal and human testing needs to be done
A

phage

71
Q

_____ therapy challeges

Challenges:

  • iii. phages, recognized as “foreign” by immune system; quickly eliminated
    iv. more detailed animal and human testing needs to be done
A

phage

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