Final Exam: everything Flashcards
______ takes residence in metabolically active cells: depends on host cell for energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly. NEVER ON DEAD HUMANS/PLANTS/ANIMALS
viruses
disruption of the normal flora as in antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis, vaginitis and thrush is due to colonization by _______.
clostridum difficle
_______ includes haustoria and rhizoids
Specialized hyphae
Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as ______, though selective toxicity such as ciprofloxacilin which is limited use in pregnant women and children. it affects cartilage development
exhibit toxic effects
______ Host unaware of infection; resistance is influenced by,
- presence of other illness ( such as diabetes, immunocompromised condition, pneumonia, HIV AIDS))
- physical or environmental factor
- overcrowding and malnutrition
- individual stress, alcohol, smoking and drug abuse
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Steps of _____ Replication Entry / Penetration : separation of capsid proteins and genome
Lysozyme degrades cell wall weaken or break PABA
Phage
_______ Usually occurs 2 - 8 weeks after exposure. Bacteremia initiates ; skin rash appears on body, often on palms and soles
Secondary stage of syphilis
______ invade/enter host cells and use the metabolic machine and resources of the host cells to make more copies of themselves.
- host all as hostage
- uses and abuse host cellulor resources
Viruses
_______ drug combination that are neither antagonistic nor synergistic in action
additive
________ it’s agent is slow growing from 48 to 72 hours.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
______ step 3, bacteria replicate freely within macrophages, gradually killing the phagoctes. bacteria released from dead macrophages are phagocytized by other macrophages, beginning the new cycle
primary tuberculosis
DNA Virus of ______ is only herpes family member that is aerosole transmitted that causes 2 disease in some individual at two different times.
- Young - Chicken pox (doesnt belong to pox family)
- later in life - Causes shingles (zoster)
varicellazoster virus
______ dependent RNA polymase compare to DNA dependent, RNA polmerase of host cell
RNA
______ integration is at specific lotion within host genome that can popout from its own integration site during induction
prophages
Lethality of _____mainly due to fact that virus targets critical component of immune system CD4, T helper cells and depletes it over time
HIV
Penicillin allergy, _______ reaction to penicillins is the most important and immediate danger connected with use of this antibiotic in some individuals
Acute anaphylactic
Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties, if you have bacteria infection of the brain or eyes, its a challege to treat because of the __________.
blood brain barrier (BBB)
stage of _____ replication, Assembly and packaging complex, orderly sequence of events with self assembly and non enzymatic process
phage
________ unique and aren’t found inside host cell.
Viral enzymes:
, _______ associated with humans only, transmitted by close contact or fomite sharing
anthrophilic
________ largest non human virus, infect amoeba
potyvirus
________ Consequence, increases susceptibility to cancer and infections compromised immunotherapy such as vaccination
Immune deficiency
theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ enters lymphatic system near inoculation site(primary lesion) transform into sec lesion on skin surface and remains.. This one spreads.
lymphocutaneous
How resistance is acquired and types ?_______ microorganism gets sequestered from antibiotics often temporary change ( loss of cell wall ) renders them non susceptible to antibiotic action
non-genetic resistance
_______secretes toxins target intestinal epithial cells which becomes pseudomembrane patches that is made of dead cells, pus inflammation and clotted blood
clostridum difficle
Virulence factors of _______, is Not defined well but indirect observation / evidences indicates
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
Stage of phage replication ______ phages induced proteins that are not present in an uninfected cell. that includes viral RNA polymers
early protein
_____ includes soil fungi and transmitted via soil exposure or dust
geophilic
_____ resistant to isoniazid riframpin
MDR
_______ includes virulent that contain prohage that encodes the exotoxin diptheria toxin (eEF2) and avirulent
cornybacterium diptheriae
_______ Characterized by the appearance of a painless sore called chancre
Primary stage of syphilis
PABA that goes through _____ into two pathway
E1, E2, E3 to folic acid
e1, e2, e3 to folic acid (this one is not susceptible)
sulfadrug
Penicillin Allergy, 75% of allergic reactions is due to _______
penicilloyl haptens
_____ and _____ of infection: lyse the host cell they infect
- Burst time: period from entry to release of new virons or pentration
- Burst size: numbers of virus particles released per infected cell 100-500 virus particles
Lytic phage and lytic cycle
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for nucleic acid synthesis (poor target), _______ is taken by yeast cells and converted into active inhibitory form, 5 fluorouracil, it inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
flucytosine
______ diseases previously significant health problems and their incidence had decreased for time period but now once again are major health threats
Tuberculosis Deadly Reemerging ID (RID)
________ others, used to take over host cell and convert into a efficient “factory” for virus production; modulate host defense. infected host cell, theyre not the target or thre not under the radar of the defense cell.
viral regulatory proteins
_____ : non motile, Gr (–) ve diplococci
Virulent forms have virulence factors of,
- fimbriae
- capsule
- extended LPS; avoids MAC mediated lysis
- iprotease that destroys IgA at mucosal membrane
neisseria gonorrhoeae
______ when new virus particles are made following infection of host cell
phage productive infection
Antibiotics are not effective in ______, due to hyperimmune response
Tertiary syphilis
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, ______ product
abundant
_____ has spores
Sporangium
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ether ___1___, which stop bacteria growth then they are eliminated and ___2___ refer to bacteriolytic which also kills bacteria cell
- bacteriostatic
- Cidal
In athletes foot, ______(cutaneous mycoses) uses keratin as nutrient and conlonizes skin, nails and hair. they remains localized in dermis and hypodermis; rarely becomes systemic
dermatophytes (aka ringworm)
______ particles are formed by de novo assembly from newly synthesized components within host cell
NO binary fission or mitosis
Virus
_______ fungi grows deep into hypodermis and bone but dont become systemic infection, produce on skin surface lesions
wound mycoses
example of superficial mycoses is ________ (due to melassezia furfur) its hyper/hypo pigmentation is due to melanin pigment interference. Versicolor is due to trunk arm area, activation pigment
pityriasis versicolor
_______ ( Flagyl TM ) interferes with DNA synthesis and function selective toxicity only in anaerobic microorganisms becos active form binds to DNA used to treat bacterial vaginosis and C. difficle associated diseases
Metronidazole
______(Last Choice) causes aplastic anemia
chloramphenicol
_____ genomic RNA have structural genes and non structural genes
HIV
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Full course of antibiotic treatment should be ________
followed
______: a substance that prevents a cell from carrying it’s normal metabolic reaction, are structurally similar to normal used molecules
Antimetabolite
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Alteration of drug target site / enzyme is ____1____.and ___2___ Ex. DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
- Ribosomes
- Enzymes, Ex.DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell division, ______ (synthesized by some fungi) are exact mechanism, it interfere with spinder fibers component (tubulin) and blocks mitotic events. used in treatment of nail and skin fungal infections
gresiofulvin
Plasma Membrane Injury mediated mainly by the ________ antibiotics
polypeptide
_______ Cell wall: waxy, mycolic acid contributes to inherent antimicrobial resistance
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
______ Diagnosis and treatment are Multiple drug therapy; long treatment, drug discontinuation, prime factor for resistant strain emergence MDR and X-MDR strains
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
______ (aka valley fever) its due to C.immitis, a dimorphic fungi
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
DNA virus of ______ are cold sores above the waist.
herpes simplex I (HSV-I)
______ Initially occurs on the penis, vagina, or cervix, but can be inside mouth or rectum
Primary stage of syphilis
HIV Genomic RNA structural genes of _____ codes for the 2 surface proteins the gp causes synctia formation
Env
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as _______
haptens
_______ don’t metabolize, respire or grow; they lack basic enzymes for many simple metabolic processes
viruses
______ Organs affects pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB ( bones, meninges and lymphatic system)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
physicians classify mycoses as _______(in skin) due to onset of CMI(Cellor mediated immune) response.
cutaneous
Gonorrhea is Acute infection, incubation period 2-5 days; in ____1__ is asymptomatic; 25 % of __1__ suffer from Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
1.females
In _________ arthroconidia germinate in alveoli forms spherules which matures and creates spores(multiples divisions) then releases into neighboring tissues which inhitiates new cycle.
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
physicians classify mycoses as ______ affecting many systems and spread throughout body
systemic
Replication of phage genome _____ and ____ have Phage protein synthesis and genome replication occurs independently
DNA and RNA
_______ transmission during primary or secondary stages of infection is usually fatal to the fetus
Congenital syphilis
The Specialized hyphae that includes _____ are associated with parasitic fungi (associate w/ fungal infection), gentle nature of hyphae
Haustoria
________ are segment of hyphae which obtains nutrition
vegetative hyphae
_____ Aging process radiation/chemotherpy or drug. infects agent like HIV measle tuberculosis. malnutriotion and stress o corticosteriod are toxic to T-cell
Acquired immune deficiency
(secondary immune deficiency)
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as haptens will trigger ______ reactions
IgE mediated
_______ transmission is High risk of sharing needle, tattos and body piercing if instrument are not sterile.
HIV
polymerization due to tubulin assembly extension of ______
spindle fibers
______ Low virulence dose: 100 cells can cause infection
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Often, another drug use may have a toxic effect that is not there when the _____ is taken alone Also, one drug may neutralize the intended effect of the other
1st drug (meaning 1 drug at a time)
_______ when bacterial cells are carried inside macrophages via blood and lymph to other sites ( bone marrow, kidneys, spleen and CNS)
Disseminated tuberculosis
______ are not assigned binomial nomenclature (two names) but are grouped into “families”
Example: picorna family which is polio virus a common cold and herpes family
Viruses
______ after Diagnosis: confirmed by sputum culture and chest X ray (tubercles)
Tuberculin test:
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be _______, be able to penetrate host tissue and reach microbial colony and must be effective at low, non toxic concentration to host
bio-available
outside of the cytoplasm, ______ forms aggregates in cell membrane with ergosterol, leading to pores that cause leakage of cellular contents
Amphotercin B
_____ contain
Phage genome
- d s DNA
- s s DNA
- s s RNA
Complex viruses
2 classes of hyphae depending on the presence of septa (cross wall) are ____1___ and ___2____
- septate hyphae
- coenocytic hyphae
______ : an agent that affects physiology
drug
______ In men’s, (specifically MSM ) the bacteria can lead to proctitis gingivitis and pharygitis inflammation of the rectum area
- directly transmitted; sensitive to dryness and cold
- NO animal reservoir
- disease of humans only; more sexual partners neonatal opthelmia gonorrhoea
Neisseria gonorrhoea
MSM means
male sex male
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
_______ when the prophage “switches” from latent infection to lytic pathway
Phage induction
_______(superficial mycoses) immune compromised individual, infection can be systemic (all across of the body)
pityriasis versicolor
Gornorrhea is Acute infection, incubation period 2-5 days; symptomatic infection in ______ symptomatic; painful urination and purulent discharge
males
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ contains sulfomethoxazole and trimethoprim which is given for UTI and AIDS patents
Septra/bactrim
___1___ slow growing , survives for a few generation, can crosses placenta and infects fetus causes congenital ____1____ to the baby
1.Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
______ genetic material (aka genome) is ether DNA or RNA (never both) packaged inside with limited codin. Is the reasons why its so dependent on host cells for replication.
Viruses
______ antimicrobial agent synthesized in laboratory.
Ex: Isoniazid, sulfa drugs
Synthetic drug:
_____ has become Worldwide strains have become increasingly resistant to common antibiotics because of the R plasmid acquired
Neisseria gonorrhoea
_____ killed by drying / chilling, disinfectants, soaps; sensitive to O2 conc, pH changes etc
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
Virus have _______ viral proteins which includes structral proteins and non structural proteins which includes enzymes unique to virus and regulator protein.
Genome encodes
____: inserted into bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, which is useful in treatment of some Gr (+) ve bacteria resistant to other drugs ; not so effective against Gr (-)ve bacteria( because of the outermembrane)
Daptomycin
______ (First Aid ointment) toxic to kidneys; so not useful for systemic use
polymyxin B :
______ (Mycoses) mainly associates with opportunist infection, meaning when body is low defenses.
fungal diseases
_____ more aggressive common in developed nation
HIV l
______ projects above the surface; bears reproductive spores
aerial hyphae
_____ has No vaccine yet; long term immunity can’t be established.
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Some __1____ can be cured, others cannot
- Can cause embarrassment, compromised health, pain, infertility and even death !!
- Half of all ___1___ in U.S. are believed to occur amongst 15 - to 24 year-olds
- Most __1___ are preventable (condom)
1.STI
_______ reverse transcription to DNA nucleotid sequence following infection whch integrate the product of reverse transcription into host genomic DNA within 48-72 hours of infection.
viral RNA genome
________ is lateral evolution, due to R plasmid
horizontal evolution
Virulence factors of _______ ,Glycocalyx : protects the bacteria from phagocytosis by defense cells
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
_______ consequences, prolongs infection
Antibiotic Resistance
______ use is restricted in DR + MDR, Inhibits ATP synthesis tit’s action and FDA 2013
Betaqiline
______ is the largest virus that inects human
small pox
Fungi have _______ that can germinate and develop into a new hyphae and mycelium
- Male Hyphae : has + nucleus
- Female Hyphae: has -nucleus
- Membrane fusion (of male & female)—>nucleus fusion (karyogammy) —> nucleus then form zygospore 2N chromosomes (equivalent to zygote) —> undergo meiosis —> form fruiting bodies containing N spores
—> Fruiting bodies: Sporangium of Rhizopus fungi - release spores and columella remain.
unusual reproductive modes (sexual & asexual)
______ less aggressive common in afrrican nation but more death
HIV ll
________ is longitudinal evolution, due to mutation in chromosomal DNA and advantageous to bacteria for survival
vertical evolution
Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, ______, to semisynthetic penicillins, cephaloporins, monobactams and carbepenemes
lactamse resistant
_____ particles are Genome RNA, Capsid, Envelope, t-RNA, Enzymes, spike and matrix
HIV
Antibiotic safety:prescribing antibiotic often involves assessing risk and benefits in the term of _______
therapeutic index
Virulence factors of ______, some proteins that facilitates adherence to epithelial cells
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
_______: phage DNA incorporated at specific position within host cell DNA; becomes part of the bacterial DNA
Prophage
Transmission of _______
- sexual contacts ( major mode),
- blood transfusion ( rare, but have been reported)
- Primarily from open lesions to mucous membranes of the vagina, oral cavity, anus or via cuts / abrasions on the skin
- accomplished by penile - vaginal, oral- genital, oral- anal, or genital - anal contacts
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
______ orginate and mature in bonemarrow
B-Cells
Lethality of ____ individual develops weakened immune system; susceptible to opportunistic pathogens
HIV
______ mode of actions, Blocking protein synthesis: due to structural differences of ribosomes (70S vs 80S)
Antibiotics mode of actions
______ is yeast like forms(psudohyl) hyphae
dimorphic fungi
Spectrum of activity of ______, when antimicrobial action is limited to few microbe sps
Ex: Isoniazid affects only Mycobacterium sps and vancomycin
Narrow spectrum
_____ is commonly observed during prolonged or board spectrum treatment, it alters food taste and affects appetite
Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)
_______(aka thrush) due to yeast or candidiasis, it targets skin and mucous membrane of mouth throat, osophagus and vagina.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)
______ are used in phage, it doesnt become part of virus particles, it gets degraded with the host cell and viral encoded by late protein.
scaffold proteins
______ specimen’s from oral cavity cant be tested, its false positive reult due to oral spirochete
syphilis
_______ inhibits RNA synthesis binds and blocks prokaryotic RNA polymerase activity, Effective against Mycobacterium
Rifamycins :
______ Re-emergence partially due to
- HIV / AIDS epidemic
- Complicated immunodeficiency ( viral or otherwise) aggravates risk of progression from latent to active TB
- anti TB drugs slowed spread for some time
- drug resistant and MDR forms emerged due to discontinuance of anti TB drugs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
_______ Substance produced naturally in minute quantity by some microbes that has the potency to inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.
Antibiotics
_____causes wound site forms Nodules(hard sub surface) with time lesion worses become ulcerated with pus, then releases spores and hyphae then mitigates spread to other tissues which results permanent deformity
Mycetomas
Stage of ______ replication has Pilot protein : present at the base of tube that attaches to DNA, guides phage DNA passage into host cell’s cytoplasm
phage
Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, ______ to penicillin group
lactamase sensitive
Misconceptions against _____ in Gay Men’s and AIDS epidermic is under control
HIV
______ caused by soil fungi, tumor like infection of skin, facia and bones; slow growing.
Mycetomas
some _______ are parasites cell wall made of chitin(target for antifungal agents) is present.
fungi
____ and ____ recombine to form/evolve a novel virus particle. meaning new virus human never experince (way in the future)
PERV and HERV
_______ child suffers from mental retardation along with organ failures with rashes typical of secondary stage
In latent stage
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Prevent antibiotic from reaching it’s target site / decreased uptake is Alteration of the membrane transport ________.
proteins/porins
________ fastiduous, motile spirochete with glycocalyx
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
•_______: when prophage brings some new trait to the host cell
- Ex: Cornybacterium diptheriae: toxin gene coded by phage genes
Lysogenic conversion
_____ are long structure with cells but no cross wall
coenocytic hyphae
____ are present in All fungi
- digest damaged cells
- helps parasitic fungi to invade host
lysosomes
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistanc is the Use of antibiotic should be _______
restricted
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance is the _______ should be performed prior to initiation of antibiotic treatment
Sensitivity tests
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
______ (lysogen): are prophage carrier cells
Lysogenic cell
______ injections are effective against primary, seconday and latent syphilis
Penicillin G
_______ step 1, Mycobacterium typically infect the respiratory tract via inhalation of respiratory droplets from infected individuals
Primary tuberculosis
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell wall synthesis, ______ is used for candida and aspergillosis treatment that interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis
Echinocandins
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into other breakdown product to ______ product
minor
_______ is due to hemoglobin breakdown product deposited on tongue papillal which is due to metronidazole intakes
black hairy tongue
Stage of _____ replication, it’s Synthesis: includes genome replication, transcription and translation
- Incoming phage DNA is transcribed and translated into proteins
phage
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Rapid efflux of the drug, which Pumps the drug out of the cell before it can become _______
effective
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ is a two drugs given simultaneously, antimicrobial effect is greater than either given alone
- Ex:
- Streptomycin(enter easily composition of urine)
- penicillin(weaken the cell wall)
synergism
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ______ that includes clotrimazole and miconazole, it inhibit ergosterol synthesis; interfere in the synthetic pathway. the active componenet of medications to treat localized, superficial yeast infection.
azoles
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents has ________, which means lowest dose toxic to the patient divided by High Tl and Low Tl.
Therapeutic index
DNA Virus of _______ is gential herpes, below the waist
Herpes simplex II (HSV-II)
______ humans are the only hosts; NO animal reservoir
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
______ prefers to grow at acidic pH (5 or lower) in high salt
fungi
_______ cannot be elimated
Provirus
_______ (BCG vaccine) is use M.bovis as alternate cell vaccines which always come out positive after PPD test, so they discontinued this vaccine
Calmette
______ step 5, other cells deposit collagen fibers, enclosing infected macrophages and lung cells within the tubercle. inected cells in the center die. releasing M. tuberculosis and producing caseous necrosis the death of tissue that takes on a cheese like consistancy due to protein and fat released from dying cells,. A stalemate between the bacterium and the body’s defenses develops
Primary Tuberculosis
physicians classify mycoses as ______ in hypodermis and muscle or bones
wound/subcutaneous
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ via needle or catheter can attain high concentration for limited time, directly to blood stream into liver
Intravascular
______ Functions in 2 ways:
- competitive inhibition of enzymes
- Ex: sulfanilamide and other sulfa drugs
- –by being erroneously incorporated into molecules like nucleic acids
- Ex: azidothymidine ( we’ll discuss later in HIV drugs )
Antimetabolite
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ slow diffusion via blood vessels
- Disadvantage: high concentration can’t be achieved
Intramuscularly:
physicians classify mycoses as ______ when restricted on surface of nails, hairs and outer skin layer.
superficial
________ Not associated with direct effects of thespirochete but is complication of inflammation + a hyperimmune respones
Tertiary syphilis
__________ collections of signs and symptoms of disease associated with a common pathology
syndrome
_____ binds to the cell phospholipids; disrupts membrane structure alters membrane permeability cellulor content leak out and die
- limited to topical applications
Polymixin B
the specialized hyphae that includes ______ are associated with saprophytic fungi (suck up nutrient from non-living objects), aggressive nature of hyphae
rhizoids
_______ occurs 10 - 20 years post initial infection and other symptoms may include heart failure, blindness, paralysis, skin ulcers along with severe mental disturbance due to CNS destruction and personality changes
Tertiary syphilis
______ grows as mycelium in soil and produces asexual spores(arthoconidia) that germinates to form mycelia.
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
_______ are heterotrophs and saprophytes
fungi
_____ are individual cells are separated from one another by septa - microscopic openings (woronin bodies), most of nutrient p/u by vegetative move upward to aerial hyphae , mobilizes cellular resources right to the point of growth (aerial hyphae)
septate hyphae
_______ After 1 year in the latent stage, infected individuals typically fails to transmit the infection to partners. pregnant women can still transfer and infect their babies / fetus
Latent phase of syphilis infection
_______ highly mutable virus, reverse transcript lack proof read and activity constant change in surface antigen composition.
AIDS
__1___ syndrome with many other complications ___1___is caused by HIV, a retrovirus
1st reported in 1981 in LA, NY and SF
1.AIDS
Virus has 3 main shapes, which are ______ is Rod shaped
Ex. Rabies, SARS corona virus
Helical
______ forms Calcium complex, limits availability
tetracycline
theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ appears as painless, nodular lesion at site and gets filled with pus; don’t spread.
fixed sporotrichosis
Cell wall acting antibiotics to ______ and ____
B-lactam and Non-Blactam
_______ step 3 inected macrophages present antigen to T lymphoctes, which produce lymphokines that attract and activates more macrophages and trigger inflammation. tightly packed macrophages surround the site of infection, forming a tubercle over two to three month period
primary tuberculosis
___1____ have a filamentous body (mycelium); and the individual filament is called ___2____
- Fungi
- hypha (pl hyphae)
For _______ CDC recommendation intake of both illuoroquinolones and cephalosporins
Neisseria gonorrhoea
______ largest virus infect amoeba
mimivirus
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance are Survival and multiplication of a _____ variety
mutant
_______ has NO fomite mediated transmission if it’s dry,
but Only if toilet seat coverd by human body fluid(wet) can be transmitted.
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
______s are susceptible to penicillinase (β lactamase) which cleaves the β lactam ring ; antibiotic is inactivated and bacteria grows in the presence of antibiotic
Natural penicillin
for virus, ______ can cross species barrier and they do so constantly such as zonotic viruses and rabies virus
viral inection
_______ Primary, reactivated ( secondary), latent and disseminated TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
______ soil is the natural habitat; transmitted as mycetomas pathogen higher risk of infection is noted amongst avid gardeners, farmers and artisans who work with natural plant materials.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
______ Transmission: vehicles include, semen, vaginal and rectal fluid ( major modes), breast milk transfusion of infected blood, clotting factors or IgG
HIV
______ time it takes to eliminate one half of the original antibiotic dose in serum
- some antibiotics ( like Penicillin is 6 hours) have short half life
- additionally liver dysfunction / kidney disease, dose needs to be adjusted accordingly becos associated with slow metabolism and excretion of the drug
Half life
HIV genomic RNA has _____ genes that are Gag, Pol and Env
Structural genes
_______ lesion progressively worsens and becomes tumor like and extensive if untreated
chromoblastomycoses
Stage of _____ replication its transcription and translation initially uses the host cell RNA polymers viral DNA template.
phage
___1____ Approx 15% of individuals who don’t receive treatment transitions to ___1__syphilis
1.Tertiary syphilis
_______ typically doesn’t hurt or itch; lesions are filled with contagious bacteria. can be transmitted via skin break. Patient may have flu like symptoms (mild fever, sore throat, headache etc )
Secondary stage of syphilis
_______ consequences,
causes higher mortality rates
Antibiotic Resistance
lysogenic conversion are example of _______ and _______ toxin gene is encoded by prophage
Clostridium botulinum and choleratoxin
_____ orginate in bone marrow, mature in thymes
T-Cells
Penicillin Allergy, 25% of reactions is due to other _______
breakdown products
influenza virus, common cold virus and zikka virus which is transmitted by mosquitos are _______.
RNA genome
________ carry 6-7 genes ; each confers resistance to different antibiotics, they can be transferred / acquired by one of the many genetic exchange processes (transduction or conjugation)
R Plasmid
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that inactivation or destruction of the drug is ______
β lactamase
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ______, should be stable in body fluids and exhibit therapeutic effect,
- not degraded by stomach acids
- antibiotics prone to inactivation in gastric environment should be given via i v / i m route
Stability
______: have narrow spectrum of activity, unstable in stomach acid environment; in contrast Pen V is stable and better absorbed
Natural penicillins
______ step 2 macrophages in alveoli phagocytize mycobacteria but are unable to digest them, in part because the bacterium inhibits fusion of lysosomes to endocytic vesicles
Primary tuberculosis
Therapeutic index of _______ is less toxic to patients because they target unque structure point of bacteria cell.
High Tl
______ interferes with the lnking enzymes and NAM subunits remain unttached to their neighbors, then the cell burst from osmotic pressure because the integrity of peptidoglycan is not maintained.
pencillin
______ life long infectiousness 15-25 years due to the latene established because of the provirus.
AIDS
_______ impairs balancing sense ; may cause irreversible deafness
streptomycin
Factors contributing to ___1___
- •Multiple sexual partners
- •Sex without protection or condom
- •Increased use of oral contraceptives (?) less likely to use condom
- •Lack of information about ___1__ in young people
- Many ___1__ do not have obvious symptoms!!!
- STI
_____ lacks structures or appendages for motility. but virus are passively transmitted from one host to another following shedding.
viruses
______ should be given antibiotics that are considered safe as recommended by FDA. there should be no / minimal risk to the developing fetus
Pregnant women
Therapeutic index of _______, need to be monitored carefully so does not to react toxic level
Low Tl
majority of ____ are aerobes or facultative anerobes (except yeast) and few are obligate anaerobes
fungi
______ is common in moist areas; equally distributed amongst tropics an subtropics.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
______ no risk or minimal risk associated with social kissing/hugging, toilet seat sharing and insect bite
HIV
_______ can be observed in fresh discharge from lesions. it need to be immediately viewed under dark microscope and normally don’t survive in transport media
syphilis
_____ is diagnos by MHA-TP (microhemaglutinin assay fortreponema pallidum)
Syphilis
_______ is a virulence factors which is slow growth of the bacteria that secretes cord factor, toxic to maimalia cells, mutant bacteria with no cord factor secretions
dissemiated tuberculosis
antibiotics _____1__ Acquired ability to resist or block antibiotic action to which it is normally susceptible less drug used, controls evolution of ___1____ development
- resistance
_______ integration is random in host DNA, is a permanent phenomeuon, no excision
provirus
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______, is a two drugs when given simultaneously, their action interfere with each other
- Ex:
- Tetracycline ( bacteriostatic)
- penicillin ( bacteriocidal, acts on growing cells, disrupting peptidoglycan) which means pushing and pulling
Antagonism
HIV genomic RNA have _______ genes which has a regulatory proteion and asscessory protein
non structural genes
______ leads to non productive infection
defective phages
HIV genomic RNA have Non structural genes which has a ________ is essential for replication
regulatory proteion
______ has 2 common features, 2. all exit and are shedded to betransmitted into new host
Viruses
depolymerization of tubulin subunits shortening of ________
spindle fibers
_______ smallest virus that infects human
polio virus
HIV Genomic RNA structural genes of _____ is group specfic antigen makes viral ucleocapsid.
Gag
______ facilitates fungi entry protective clothing and shoes minmizes / reduces infection risk.
Mycetomas
Fungi of the individual filament is called _______, are well adapted to aobsorb food, such as high surface to volume ratio and releases enymes to breakdown foodl also acts as a repellant.
hypha (pl hyphae)
_________(superficial mycoses) is a dimorphic fungil feeds on the sebum(uses as nutrient) and makes keratinase.
pityriasis versicolor
______ prevention mainly by Bacillus Calmette and Guerrin(BCG) vaccine is limited to high risk individual (health care workers
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
STI in ______ is Asymptomantic
female
______ has 2 common features, 1. all enter + replicate inside to make more copies of themselves
Viruses
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Use of left over or someone’s else antibiotics should be strongly _______
discouraged
Spectrum of activity of ______, agent targets microbes(Gram negative) from both taxonomic groups of bacteria which is critical in many life threatening situations
board spectrum
________ no cell free cultivation medium but can be grown in rapid testescle
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
Virus has 3 main shapes which is ______ (irregular shape) without clear symmetry
Ex: Poxvirus, Retroviruses
Complex particles
______ mode of actions, Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition: targets enzymes
Antibiotics mode of actions
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ simple, no needle or provider’s help
- Disadvantage: don’t follow time table
Orally
________ antimicrobial agent part synthesized in lab and part synthesized in microbe.
Ex: doxycycline, methcillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin
Semisynthetic antibiotic
______ in children’s causes blindness
- bacteria in pus discharge from an inflammed penis
- ii. available genetic probes are accurate, quick in confirming the bacteria in clinical samples
Neisseria gonorrhoea
stage of _____ replication, involves capsid and phage genome interaction to form mature, infective phage
phage
_______ interwoven polymers of glucans, chitins and various proteins
fungal cell wall
yellow or green color ish on the teeth is cause by ______
tetracycline
Steps of _____ Replication it’s Attachment: random collision
- weak interaction between tip of tail fiber ( attachment proteins) and specific residues (receptors) on the cell surface
- tail pins on the base plate reinforces the attachment step
Phage
In the cytoplasm, ____ blocks biosynthesis of ergosterol, a sterol needed for cell membrane stability.
azoles
________ have broader specificity, have improved coverage and effectiveness against a wide range of organisms, including most streptococcal and staphylococcal species, aerobic gram-negative organisms, and many anaerobic organisms
Semisynthetic penicillins
_____ Therapy
Advantages:
- i. prey on bacteria, never human cells
- ii. don’t spread from person to person
- iii. bacteria have trouble becoming immune to them
- eliminate resistance
phage
_______ consequences, delays recovery time, increases hospital and health care costs
antibiotic resistance
______ Characterized by NO observable symptoms ( asymptomatic phase) can last for years !!
Latent phase of syphilis infection
Non β lactams of ______ binds to terminal amino acid of the tetrapeptide chain
- prevents cross linking ; weakens cell wall
- not effective against Gram (-)ve bacterial cells
- poorly absorbed
Vancomycin
_______ acquired by contract with hyphae or fungal spores or with shared objects
superficial mycoses
HIV Genomic RNA structural genes of _____ codes for viral enzymes
pol
______ human Papillone virus (HPV) are herpes family
DNA Virus
______ yeast form at body’s temperature(pathogenic form) enters body via inhalation of arthoconidia, begins as generalized inection, then spreads to rest of body
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
______ no new virus particle
phage non productive infection
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Development of alternate biochemical pathways common amongst the _______resistant strains which abandon sensitive steps
sulfonamide
_______ when immune sys fails to provide required protection
Immune deficiency
_______ Clinical manifestations are observed as, Gummas which is painful rubbery lesion on bone, muscle, skin. nervous tissue
Tertiary syphilis
_______ have common ones which are chromoblastomycoses, mycetoma and sporotrichosis
wound mycoses
How resistance is acquired and types ? _____ mainly due to R plasmids
extrachromosomal resistance :
In ______, sugar in slight moist environment and relative humidity of 70% or more
fungi
_______ is once its infected, it invades body tissues eventually abrasions (scrapes) and prick wound (punctures) by sharp twigs, thorns.
Mycetomas
the Advantages of ___1____
- is more affective against Gram negative bacteria cell,(Compared to gram postive)
- longer lasting with extended half life,
- easier to adminstor (compared to the natural ____1___)
1.antibiotics
_______ colonizes intestines of individual whose normal microflora being eliminated or distruped by antimicrobial chemotherapy (cramps, blood diarria)
clostridum difficle
8% of our ____ contains these relics of ancient retroviruses
DNA
________ are associated with animals; transmitted via close contact or through contaminated leather, wool, feather
zoophilic
Stage of phage replication, _____ includes capsid proteins (capsomeres) tall components and lyzozyme
late proteins
Syphilis has 3 defined clinical stages: each with unique features ___1___, ___2___ and __3____
primary, seconday and tertiary
______ mode of actions, Plasma membrane injury: disruption of it’s function / integrity
Antibiotics mode of actions
______ when bacterial cells breaks the deadlock and ruptures the tubercle and restablish an active infection, common in immunocompromised individuals
Secondary tuberculosis
_____ is
- high mortality and morbidity
- extended asymptomatic stage
AIDS
______ is non lethal mycolic acid is presence, it retain H2O and restrict antibotics which resistance to dehydration and dessication. bacteria retain its H2O
disseminated tuberculosis
_______ plays role in placenta devolop and fusion. they dont make particular
HERV (human endogenous retroviral sequences)
_____ inflammation with fibrous tissue forms along with abscess in surrounding tissues
chromoblastomycoses
Non β lactams of ______ inhibits peptidoglycan precursors (NAG and NAM)
- transport across membrane
- toxic, restricted for topical applications (first aid ointment)
Bacitracin
STI in ______ is symptomantic
male
A example of cutaneous mycoses aka ringworm caused by _____ that invades skin and activate CMI; in turn damages deeper tissues
dermatophytes (aka ringworm)
______ particles with a protein coat and genetic material; protein coat call capsids that protects genetic material
viruses
_______ consequences, needs more expensive and less effective toxic medications to cure infection
Antibiotic Resistance
_______ is difficult to diagnose, as it miics other diseases
Tertiary syphilis
Virus has ______ which makes virus particle ( interior and exterior) functions in one of the following ways:
- i. attachment
- ii. protecting viral nucleic acid
- iii. modification of host cell
Structural proteins
_______ from birth B. cell Tcells thymes absence.
Congenital immune deficiency
(primary immune deficiency)
______ Generally, heals without treatment within
3 - 6 weeks
Primary stage of syphilis
_____ therapy challeges
Challenges
- iii. phages, recognized as “foreign” by immune system; quickly eliminated
- iv. more detailed animal and human testing needs to be done
phage
______ In women’s attaches to receptors on non ciliated, mucosal epithelial cells
- attaches to cervix (of uterus) but not vaginal wall
- hitch hikes on sperm cells to uterine tube and cause PID
- chronic infection can lead to scarring of the uterine tube with consequent of entopic pregancy and sterility
- also infects urethra + cause inflammatory
Neisseria gonorrhoea
_______ has 9 million new cases each year, its a globle health problem
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
the treatment for _______(superficial mycoses) is antifungal imidazoles, you apply on the affect area.
pityriasis versicolor
The enzyme for penicilin to penicillionic is _____
B lactamase/penicillinase
______ (aka rose gardner disease) is due to dimorphic fungi limited to subcutaneous infection of the arm and leg; no systemic infection.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
Penicillin allergy, __1__ and ___2__ determinant refers to the frequency with which antibodies to these haptens appears / forms rather than the severity of the reactions.
- Major
- minor
Virulence factors of _______ ,hyaluronidase secretion helps to infiltrate intercellular spaces
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
______ mode of actions, Inhibition of cell wall synthesis : targets peptidoglycan
Antibiotics mode of actions
________ code for enzymes that chemically modify the antibiotics
R Plasmid
Spectrum of activity of ______, Disadvantages which they disturb normal microflora which normal flora prevents pathogen colonization, competiting for space attachment site nutrients O2 available. which causes super infection ; opens doors to transient pathogens
board spectrum
_______ has two types
- Acquired immune deficiency (secondary immune deficiency
- Congenital immune deficiency (primary immune deficiency)
Immune deficiency
Route of administration:can be via external or internal route such as ___1___: applied on skin directly and __2_____ administered via orally or intramuscularly
- Topical / local application
- Internal
Stage of _____ replication, Release / exit. Lysozyme is synthesized at a later stages of productive infection. Lysozyme breaks / loosens cell wall from inside; cell lysis ensues
- Early synthesis result in non productive abortive infection
phage
______ transplant into human
PERV (pigs/porcine family)
Porcine endogenous retrovirus genome
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance which is Indiscriminate use should be ______ ( combination with alcoholic drinks, coffee and narcotics )
curtailed
HIV genomic RNA have Non structural genes which has a ________ that enchances replication and/or infectivity
asscessory protein
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ________ that includes amphotericin and nystatin, it binds to ergosterol component, results in leaking membrane. its very toxic; limited use in life threatening condition
polyenes
____1___ are one which can grow as both yeast like (unicellular) or as mycelia; human pathogenic fungi are ____1___
dimorphic
Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as _______, e.g. penicillin allergy 300 deaths / year; with fever, rash and / or anaphylactic shock
trigger of allergic reactions:
lysogenic conversion are example of _______ is exotoxin for scarlet fever coded by phage gene.
Streptococcus pyogenes
_______ An infection that can be transmitted through sexual interaction (not just intercourse!)
STI
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ______, drug action on various pathogens that varies, either broad or narrow spectrum
Spectrum of activity
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents is ______, harm the microbe without significant damage to the host, shouldn’t be influenced by food or disease status
Selective toxicity
______ infect all life forms and are responsible for a variety of infectious diseases; can profoundly alter host cell behavior. it can cause the cell to be tumor or cancerous.
virus
____ Best described as obligate intracellular parasites
- provide example of “cellular hijackers”
Viruses
______: varied functions, some are used to selectively turn on / off viral gene expression
. Viral regulatory proteins
______ secrete antibodies present at mucosal surface
IgA
_____ Great imitator disease;
- Worldwide distribution; occurs in many forms
- Approx 12 millions individuals are infected each year;
- endemic amongst sex workers, MSM and drug users
Viruses _____ is made of subunit capsomers/capsomeres
capsids
_______ is the trademark for isonictinic acid which is effective against M. tuberculosis
isoniazid
______ center contains heavy load of spirochetes along with serum. Lesion usually appears ~ 3 weeks after initial infection
Primary stage of syphilis
______ infection Virus has entered the body and is replicating. may or may not process to AIDS
HIV
_______ purified protein derivatia (PPD) is used; injected subcutaneously, observed 24 -72 hrs
Tuberculin test
AIDS ______ enbles the virus to ascape host defense synthesis and creates a major obstacle for vaccine portion
surface antigen cmposition
Cell wall acting antibiotics of ________ are vancomycin, cycloserine and bacitracin
Non B-lactam
_______ leads to cancerous, is fusion of infection cell with neighboring non infected cells. infected cells cancerous (unregulated growth and division of infected cells).
modification of host cell
_____ therapy challeges
Challenges:
- iii. phages, recognized as “foreign” by immune system; quickly eliminated
iv. more detailed animal and human testing needs to be done
phage
Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties. Antibiotics that are quickly remove by the _____ are good choice for treatment bacterial infection of bladder or urinary/urogen system
kidney
Steps of ______ replication it’s Lysozyme activation following attachment step results in
- i. compression of tail contractile sheath units
- ii. tube penetrates through cell wall and membrane, tip opens and phage DNA slips through into cytoplasm
phage
______ distinct biological entities belonging to the infectious agents group of microbial world
Viruses
_____ are the body of fungi
Sporangiosphore
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
•_______ (lysogenic phages): phage that live in close relationship with host bacterial cells
Temperate phage
________ resistant invites to 3 antituberculosis drugs in additional to isonizid riframpin
X-MDR strains
How resistance is acquired and types ? _____
- mutation in chromosomal genes
- modification of the target site of antibiotic action
chromosomal resistance
Virus has 3 main shapes which is ______ shape: spherical appearance
Ex: Papillomaviruses ( HPV
Icosahedral
Non β lactams of ______ interfere with ala- ala bridge in Gr (+)ve bacteria cells if it lacks alanine amino acids
Cycloserine
___1____ and ____2___ :Inhibits DNA gyrase ( relieves strain caused by local uncoiling ) Effective against UTI pathogens and anthrax
- limited use in children and pregnant women’s
Ex: Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacillin and moxifloxacilin
- Quinolones
- fluoroquinolones
_____ appears as small, painless but itchy, scaly lesion on skin due to fungal growth in subcutaneous tissues
chromoblastomycoses
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that Educating general public about antibiotics use and their _______
advantages
We are a reservoir of ___1___ ; they set up residence in gut, lungs, liver.
- our gut is loaded with bacteria harboring their own blend of ___1___
- every one of our cell is infected
- we carry viral genome as part of our own genetic material
1.viruses
_______ must pass directly from person to person, pol blood plasma
HIV
few antibiotics dampens effectiveness of contraceptive pills hypersensitivity towards ______
penicillin antibiotic
