Final Exam: everything Flashcards
______ takes residence in metabolically active cells: depends on host cell for energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly. NEVER ON DEAD HUMANS/PLANTS/ANIMALS
viruses
disruption of the normal flora as in antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis, vaginitis and thrush is due to colonization by _______.
clostridum difficle
_______ includes haustoria and rhizoids
Specialized hyphae
Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as ______, though selective toxicity such as ciprofloxacilin which is limited use in pregnant women and children. it affects cartilage development
exhibit toxic effects
______ Host unaware of infection; resistance is influenced by,
- presence of other illness ( such as diabetes, immunocompromised condition, pneumonia, HIV AIDS))
- physical or environmental factor
- overcrowding and malnutrition
- individual stress, alcohol, smoking and drug abuse
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Steps of _____ Replication Entry / Penetration : separation of capsid proteins and genome
Lysozyme degrades cell wall weaken or break PABA
Phage
_______ Usually occurs 2 - 8 weeks after exposure. Bacteremia initiates ; skin rash appears on body, often on palms and soles
Secondary stage of syphilis
______ invade/enter host cells and use the metabolic machine and resources of the host cells to make more copies of themselves.
- host all as hostage
- uses and abuse host cellulor resources
Viruses
_______ drug combination that are neither antagonistic nor synergistic in action
additive
________ it’s agent is slow growing from 48 to 72 hours.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
______ step 3, bacteria replicate freely within macrophages, gradually killing the phagoctes. bacteria released from dead macrophages are phagocytized by other macrophages, beginning the new cycle
primary tuberculosis
DNA Virus of ______ is only herpes family member that is aerosole transmitted that causes 2 disease in some individual at two different times.
- Young - Chicken pox (doesnt belong to pox family)
- later in life - Causes shingles (zoster)
varicellazoster virus
______ dependent RNA polymase compare to DNA dependent, RNA polmerase of host cell
RNA
______ integration is at specific lotion within host genome that can popout from its own integration site during induction
prophages
Lethality of _____mainly due to fact that virus targets critical component of immune system CD4, T helper cells and depletes it over time
HIV
Penicillin allergy, _______ reaction to penicillins is the most important and immediate danger connected with use of this antibiotic in some individuals
Acute anaphylactic
Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties, if you have bacteria infection of the brain or eyes, its a challege to treat because of the __________.
blood brain barrier (BBB)
stage of _____ replication, Assembly and packaging complex, orderly sequence of events with self assembly and non enzymatic process
phage
________ unique and aren’t found inside host cell.
Viral enzymes:
, _______ associated with humans only, transmitted by close contact or fomite sharing
anthrophilic
________ largest non human virus, infect amoeba
potyvirus
________ Consequence, increases susceptibility to cancer and infections compromised immunotherapy such as vaccination
Immune deficiency
theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ enters lymphatic system near inoculation site(primary lesion) transform into sec lesion on skin surface and remains.. This one spreads.
lymphocutaneous
How resistance is acquired and types ?_______ microorganism gets sequestered from antibiotics often temporary change ( loss of cell wall ) renders them non susceptible to antibiotic action
non-genetic resistance
_______secretes toxins target intestinal epithial cells which becomes pseudomembrane patches that is made of dead cells, pus inflammation and clotted blood
clostridum difficle
Virulence factors of _______, is Not defined well but indirect observation / evidences indicates
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
Stage of phage replication ______ phages induced proteins that are not present in an uninfected cell. that includes viral RNA polymers
early protein
_____ includes soil fungi and transmitted via soil exposure or dust
geophilic
_____ resistant to isoniazid riframpin
MDR
_______ includes virulent that contain prohage that encodes the exotoxin diptheria toxin (eEF2) and avirulent
cornybacterium diptheriae
_______ Characterized by the appearance of a painless sore called chancre
Primary stage of syphilis
PABA that goes through _____ into two pathway
E1, E2, E3 to folic acid
e1, e2, e3 to folic acid (this one is not susceptible)
sulfadrug
Penicillin Allergy, 75% of allergic reactions is due to _______
penicilloyl haptens
_____ and _____ of infection: lyse the host cell they infect
- Burst time: period from entry to release of new virons or pentration
- Burst size: numbers of virus particles released per infected cell 100-500 virus particles
Lytic phage and lytic cycle
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for nucleic acid synthesis (poor target), _______ is taken by yeast cells and converted into active inhibitory form, 5 fluorouracil, it inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
flucytosine
______ diseases previously significant health problems and their incidence had decreased for time period but now once again are major health threats
Tuberculosis Deadly Reemerging ID (RID)
________ others, used to take over host cell and convert into a efficient “factory” for virus production; modulate host defense. infected host cell, theyre not the target or thre not under the radar of the defense cell.
viral regulatory proteins
_____ : non motile, Gr (–) ve diplococci
Virulent forms have virulence factors of,
- fimbriae
- capsule
- extended LPS; avoids MAC mediated lysis
- iprotease that destroys IgA at mucosal membrane
neisseria gonorrhoeae
______ when new virus particles are made following infection of host cell
phage productive infection
Antibiotics are not effective in ______, due to hyperimmune response
Tertiary syphilis
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, ______ product
abundant
_____ has spores
Sporangium
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ether ___1___, which stop bacteria growth then they are eliminated and ___2___ refer to bacteriolytic which also kills bacteria cell
- bacteriostatic
- Cidal
In athletes foot, ______(cutaneous mycoses) uses keratin as nutrient and conlonizes skin, nails and hair. they remains localized in dermis and hypodermis; rarely becomes systemic
dermatophytes (aka ringworm)
______ particles are formed by de novo assembly from newly synthesized components within host cell
NO binary fission or mitosis
Virus
_______ fungi grows deep into hypodermis and bone but dont become systemic infection, produce on skin surface lesions
wound mycoses
example of superficial mycoses is ________ (due to melassezia furfur) its hyper/hypo pigmentation is due to melanin pigment interference. Versicolor is due to trunk arm area, activation pigment
pityriasis versicolor
_______ ( Flagyl TM ) interferes with DNA synthesis and function selective toxicity only in anaerobic microorganisms becos active form binds to DNA used to treat bacterial vaginosis and C. difficle associated diseases
Metronidazole
______(Last Choice) causes aplastic anemia
chloramphenicol
_____ genomic RNA have structural genes and non structural genes
HIV
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Full course of antibiotic treatment should be ________
followed
______: a substance that prevents a cell from carrying it’s normal metabolic reaction, are structurally similar to normal used molecules
Antimetabolite
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Alteration of drug target site / enzyme is ____1____.and ___2___ Ex. DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
- Ribosomes
- Enzymes, Ex.DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell division, ______ (synthesized by some fungi) are exact mechanism, it interfere with spinder fibers component (tubulin) and blocks mitotic events. used in treatment of nail and skin fungal infections
gresiofulvin
Plasma Membrane Injury mediated mainly by the ________ antibiotics
polypeptide
_______ Cell wall: waxy, mycolic acid contributes to inherent antimicrobial resistance
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
______ Diagnosis and treatment are Multiple drug therapy; long treatment, drug discontinuation, prime factor for resistant strain emergence MDR and X-MDR strains
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
______ (aka valley fever) its due to C.immitis, a dimorphic fungi
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
DNA virus of ______ are cold sores above the waist.
herpes simplex I (HSV-I)
______ Initially occurs on the penis, vagina, or cervix, but can be inside mouth or rectum
Primary stage of syphilis
HIV Genomic RNA structural genes of _____ codes for the 2 surface proteins the gp causes synctia formation
Env
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as _______
haptens
_______ don’t metabolize, respire or grow; they lack basic enzymes for many simple metabolic processes
viruses
______ Organs affects pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB ( bones, meninges and lymphatic system)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
physicians classify mycoses as _______(in skin) due to onset of CMI(Cellor mediated immune) response.
cutaneous
Gonorrhea is Acute infection, incubation period 2-5 days; in ____1__ is asymptomatic; 25 % of __1__ suffer from Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
1.females
In _________ arthroconidia germinate in alveoli forms spherules which matures and creates spores(multiples divisions) then releases into neighboring tissues which inhitiates new cycle.
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
physicians classify mycoses as ______ affecting many systems and spread throughout body
systemic
Replication of phage genome _____ and ____ have Phage protein synthesis and genome replication occurs independently
DNA and RNA
_______ transmission during primary or secondary stages of infection is usually fatal to the fetus
Congenital syphilis
The Specialized hyphae that includes _____ are associated with parasitic fungi (associate w/ fungal infection), gentle nature of hyphae
Haustoria
________ are segment of hyphae which obtains nutrition
vegetative hyphae
_____ Aging process radiation/chemotherpy or drug. infects agent like HIV measle tuberculosis. malnutriotion and stress o corticosteriod are toxic to T-cell
Acquired immune deficiency
(secondary immune deficiency)
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as haptens will trigger ______ reactions
IgE mediated
_______ transmission is High risk of sharing needle, tattos and body piercing if instrument are not sterile.
HIV
polymerization due to tubulin assembly extension of ______
spindle fibers
______ Low virulence dose: 100 cells can cause infection
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Often, another drug use may have a toxic effect that is not there when the _____ is taken alone Also, one drug may neutralize the intended effect of the other
1st drug (meaning 1 drug at a time)
_______ when bacterial cells are carried inside macrophages via blood and lymph to other sites ( bone marrow, kidneys, spleen and CNS)
Disseminated tuberculosis
______ are not assigned binomial nomenclature (two names) but are grouped into “families”
Example: picorna family which is polio virus a common cold and herpes family
Viruses
______ after Diagnosis: confirmed by sputum culture and chest X ray (tubercles)
Tuberculin test:
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be _______, be able to penetrate host tissue and reach microbial colony and must be effective at low, non toxic concentration to host
bio-available
outside of the cytoplasm, ______ forms aggregates in cell membrane with ergosterol, leading to pores that cause leakage of cellular contents
Amphotercin B
_____ contain
Phage genome
- d s DNA
- s s DNA
- s s RNA
Complex viruses
2 classes of hyphae depending on the presence of septa (cross wall) are ____1___ and ___2____
- septate hyphae
- coenocytic hyphae
______ : an agent that affects physiology
drug
______ In men’s, (specifically MSM ) the bacteria can lead to proctitis gingivitis and pharygitis inflammation of the rectum area
- directly transmitted; sensitive to dryness and cold
- NO animal reservoir
- disease of humans only; more sexual partners neonatal opthelmia gonorrhoea
Neisseria gonorrhoea
MSM means
male sex male
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
_______ when the prophage “switches” from latent infection to lytic pathway
Phage induction
_______(superficial mycoses) immune compromised individual, infection can be systemic (all across of the body)
pityriasis versicolor
Gornorrhea is Acute infection, incubation period 2-5 days; symptomatic infection in ______ symptomatic; painful urination and purulent discharge
males
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ contains sulfomethoxazole and trimethoprim which is given for UTI and AIDS patents
Septra/bactrim
___1___ slow growing , survives for a few generation, can crosses placenta and infects fetus causes congenital ____1____ to the baby
1.Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
______ genetic material (aka genome) is ether DNA or RNA (never both) packaged inside with limited codin. Is the reasons why its so dependent on host cells for replication.
Viruses
______ antimicrobial agent synthesized in laboratory.
Ex: Isoniazid, sulfa drugs
Synthetic drug:
_____ has become Worldwide strains have become increasingly resistant to common antibiotics because of the R plasmid acquired
Neisseria gonorrhoea
_____ killed by drying / chilling, disinfectants, soaps; sensitive to O2 conc, pH changes etc
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
Virus have _______ viral proteins which includes structral proteins and non structural proteins which includes enzymes unique to virus and regulator protein.
Genome encodes
____: inserted into bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, which is useful in treatment of some Gr (+) ve bacteria resistant to other drugs ; not so effective against Gr (-)ve bacteria( because of the outermembrane)
Daptomycin
______ (First Aid ointment) toxic to kidneys; so not useful for systemic use
polymyxin B :
______ (Mycoses) mainly associates with opportunist infection, meaning when body is low defenses.
fungal diseases
_____ more aggressive common in developed nation
HIV l
______ projects above the surface; bears reproductive spores
aerial hyphae
_____ has No vaccine yet; long term immunity can’t be established.
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Some __1____ can be cured, others cannot
- Can cause embarrassment, compromised health, pain, infertility and even death !!
- Half of all ___1___ in U.S. are believed to occur amongst 15 - to 24 year-olds
- Most __1___ are preventable (condom)
1.STI
_______ reverse transcription to DNA nucleotid sequence following infection whch integrate the product of reverse transcription into host genomic DNA within 48-72 hours of infection.
viral RNA genome
________ is lateral evolution, due to R plasmid
horizontal evolution
Virulence factors of _______ ,Glycocalyx : protects the bacteria from phagocytosis by defense cells
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
_______ consequences, prolongs infection
Antibiotic Resistance
______ use is restricted in DR + MDR, Inhibits ATP synthesis tit’s action and FDA 2013
Betaqiline
______ is the largest virus that inects human
small pox
Fungi have _______ that can germinate and develop into a new hyphae and mycelium
- Male Hyphae : has + nucleus
- Female Hyphae: has -nucleus
- Membrane fusion (of male & female)—>nucleus fusion (karyogammy) —> nucleus then form zygospore 2N chromosomes (equivalent to zygote) —> undergo meiosis —> form fruiting bodies containing N spores
—> Fruiting bodies: Sporangium of Rhizopus fungi - release spores and columella remain.
unusual reproductive modes (sexual & asexual)
______ less aggressive common in afrrican nation but more death
HIV ll
________ is longitudinal evolution, due to mutation in chromosomal DNA and advantageous to bacteria for survival
vertical evolution
Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, ______, to semisynthetic penicillins, cephaloporins, monobactams and carbepenemes
lactamse resistant
_____ particles are Genome RNA, Capsid, Envelope, t-RNA, Enzymes, spike and matrix
HIV
Antibiotic safety:prescribing antibiotic often involves assessing risk and benefits in the term of _______
therapeutic index
Virulence factors of ______, some proteins that facilitates adherence to epithelial cells
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
_______: phage DNA incorporated at specific position within host cell DNA; becomes part of the bacterial DNA
Prophage
Transmission of _______
- sexual contacts ( major mode),
- blood transfusion ( rare, but have been reported)
- Primarily from open lesions to mucous membranes of the vagina, oral cavity, anus or via cuts / abrasions on the skin
- accomplished by penile - vaginal, oral- genital, oral- anal, or genital - anal contacts
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
______ orginate and mature in bonemarrow
B-Cells
Lethality of ____ individual develops weakened immune system; susceptible to opportunistic pathogens
HIV
______ mode of actions, Blocking protein synthesis: due to structural differences of ribosomes (70S vs 80S)
Antibiotics mode of actions
______ is yeast like forms(psudohyl) hyphae
dimorphic fungi
Spectrum of activity of ______, when antimicrobial action is limited to few microbe sps
Ex: Isoniazid affects only Mycobacterium sps and vancomycin
Narrow spectrum
_____ is commonly observed during prolonged or board spectrum treatment, it alters food taste and affects appetite
Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)
_______(aka thrush) due to yeast or candidiasis, it targets skin and mucous membrane of mouth throat, osophagus and vagina.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)
______ are used in phage, it doesnt become part of virus particles, it gets degraded with the host cell and viral encoded by late protein.
scaffold proteins
______ specimen’s from oral cavity cant be tested, its false positive reult due to oral spirochete
syphilis
_______ inhibits RNA synthesis binds and blocks prokaryotic RNA polymerase activity, Effective against Mycobacterium
Rifamycins :
______ Re-emergence partially due to
- HIV / AIDS epidemic
- Complicated immunodeficiency ( viral or otherwise) aggravates risk of progression from latent to active TB
- anti TB drugs slowed spread for some time
- drug resistant and MDR forms emerged due to discontinuance of anti TB drugs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
_______ Substance produced naturally in minute quantity by some microbes that has the potency to inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.
Antibiotics
_____causes wound site forms Nodules(hard sub surface) with time lesion worses become ulcerated with pus, then releases spores and hyphae then mitigates spread to other tissues which results permanent deformity
Mycetomas
Stage of ______ replication has Pilot protein : present at the base of tube that attaches to DNA, guides phage DNA passage into host cell’s cytoplasm
phage
Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, ______ to penicillin group
lactamase sensitive
Misconceptions against _____ in Gay Men’s and AIDS epidermic is under control
HIV
______ caused by soil fungi, tumor like infection of skin, facia and bones; slow growing.
Mycetomas
some _______ are parasites cell wall made of chitin(target for antifungal agents) is present.
fungi
