Exam 4 (TOTAL): DNA,Rickettesia, Chlamydia, Myoplasma Flashcards
______ causes rocky mountain spotted fever and transmitted by ticks (dermacentor)
note: NO human to human transmission, only by ticks to human.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
________ spotted rash is on the trunks, appendages, palms and soles along with fever, headache, chills, muscle aches. It may involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous system.
-If left untreated, CNS infection may induce convulsions, coma and death.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
Note: Don’t cause or associated with rickets(rickets is different)
rickets is nutritional deficiency diseases
______ is non motile, gram negative aerobic, obligate intracellular parasite. it has a peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide outer membrane; slime layer is also present.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
_______ and _______ are the only BACTERIA that are obligate intracellular parasite. Why? is not able to utilize glucose as a nutrient for energy. for it to obtain energy, it oxidses amino acids and intermediates of krebs cycle
Rickettsia Rickettsii and Chlamydia
______ if its goes outside the host, it dies quickly; it needs transmission from one host to another (only by ticks to human, NO human to human) its a Vector, indirect transmission by a tick.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
_____ is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. from one individual to another individual.
Vector
________ enters by endocytosis and exits cells by exocytosis. prevents vesicle fusion with lysosomes to form phagosomes; breaks out of vesicle by enzyme secretion.
Rickettsia rickettsili
_______ is a slow growing pathogen and divides only 8-12hrs. it remains dormant in tick’s salivary gland; prolonged feeding makes infective bacteria release into host system.
Rickettsia rickettsili
No toxin is secreted by _______, disease is due to damaged blood vessel which causes blood to escape (petechiae) another word subcutaneous hemorrhage which end up low blood pressure and poor oxygenation.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
a patients that is recovering from ________, may experience paralysis of the legs and gangrenous secondary infection with clostridium perfringens.
note: early diagnosis is essential and there is NOeffective vaccine as of now.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
______ is once considered belonging to viruses due to small size and intracellular life style (energy arasites lacking enzymes for ATP synthesis)
Chlamydia
_____ have DNA, RNA and 70S ribosomes
Chlamydia
______ enters through cuts, abrasions; infects mucosal and conjunctival cells
Chlamydia
In Chlamydia, different strains causes 2 main types of diseases which are ________ and ________.
1.Sexually transmitted diseases
- Non gonococcal urethritis
- Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LGV)
- Trachomatis
2.Ocular diseases
- Conjunctivitis trachoma
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________ is an infection of the urethra. is similiar to gonorrhea (note: Gonorrhea means flow of seed due to the pusk)
non gonococcal urethritis
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis is _______, common in women and complication is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to immune response; increase risk of steriling and ectopic pregnancy.
Asymptomatic
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis in men is ________, first symptom is usually a leakage of milky fluid (discharge) from the tip of the penis. If the infection is not treated, it may move up around the testicles, causing pain, swelling, and sterility.
Symptomatic
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________, is lesion in lymph nodes at the groin area also called “bubos” painful inflammed lymphnode.
Lymphogranuloma (LGV)
Chlamydia that causes “Ocular Diseases” is ____1____, causes non traumatic blindness in children’s.
In adults can causes infection of the eye and lead to blindness as well is called, ___2____ is due to transmission from infected genitals to eyes, via fomites, fingers, flies
- conjunctivitis Trachoma
- trachomatis
___1____ can be transmitted sexually or non sexually, how?
In sexually, _____1___ is non motile, which hitch hikes on sperm cells, binds to receptors on host cell surface. (note: same as Gonorrhea)
In non sexually, ____1____ is transmitted by in non chlorinated pool, during birth process inferior or poor medical care.
- chlamydia
Antibiotices that is effectiveness against chlamydia is ______1___ and ___2_____. (Note: PENCILLIN IS NOT EFFECTIVE)
- Doxycycline
- Erythromycin
____1____ has NO peptidoglycan between membranes, it has 2 membranes which is similar to gram negative cells surrounds each _____1___ cells but “NO CELL WALL” (note: penicellin cannot penetrate)
1.Chlamydia
note: I didnt understand this, but just remember there is no peptidoglycan
_______ is virulence, is due to escape from host immune response, it’s unique cell wall prevents phagosome fusing with lysosomes inside phagocytes
Chlamydia
Chlamydia binds to conjuctival cells and multiplies within by killing them, which triggers pus formation then scares conjunctiva, which inturns patients eyelids turn inwards that causes eyelashes irritates, scratches and scars cornea, then triggers blood vessels invasion into clear areas; looses transparency which leads to blindness is a ocular disease called _________.
Conjunctiva trachomatis (these are the steps to this disease)
______ is
- small, cocci shaped
- infective form; dormant and similar to spores in resistance.
- extracellular form
elementary bodies (EB)
________ is
- large, pleomorphie
- reproductive forms
- intracellular form because energy parasites entirely lacking ATP synthesis
reticulate bodies (RB or initial bodies)
How does elementary bodies(EB) and reticulate bodies(RB) process works?
________ is the smallest form of life, originally thought as belonging to viruses; contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes and divide by binary fission. it’s pleomorphic and looks like fried egg appearance.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
______ causes pneumonia, walking pneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia(dont need hospitialisation and means can infect immune compartment)
- mild symptoms: fever, malaise headache
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
_______ causes persistant unproductive cough due to repeat attempt to clear mucus and pathogens from lungs
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
______ is common amongst high school and college students, can be spread by close contact a via aerosole meaning through coughing, singing or talking at students.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
_________ penicillin is not effective; other antibiotics works. no available vaccine because cells contain cholesterol in membrane.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
_______ is virulence, which is one of the few that cause hman disease mainly due to 2 factors.
- Capsule: provide protection from phagocytosis
- adhesive protein: attaches to ciliated epithelial cells receptors; interferes with mucus clearance and ciliary functions due to mucus builds and irritates respiratory tract
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
________ is the cell genetic information; mainly composed of DNA.
exception: is a group of virus that belong to RNA family of viruses
Genome
____1___ are thread like structures within cells, contains DNA and associated proteins.
associated proteins are
____2____ absent in bacteria cell
____3____ protein bacteria chromosome non histone DNA
- chromosomes (In human is total of 46 chromosomes 23/23)
- normally histone
- non histone
_____ is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product unit of genome
gene
____1___ cell divide 2 things occurs
- DNA replication distributed to daugther cell
- _____1____ information contained within the DNA is passed on to daugther cells, is express includes
transcription RNA synthesis DNA to RNA.
translation (proteinsynthesis RNA to protein
- gene expression
the flow of genetic information to central ______ molecular biology.
DNA (transcription ->) RNA
RNA (translation ->) protein
DOGMA
___1____ is any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate.
Example:
DNA virus like ____2___ virus and
some RNA viruses like ____3____ have reverse transcriptiopn
RNA -> DNA -> RNA -> protein
- retrovirus
- hepatitis B
- HIV
DNA inside cell exists as linear polymer of _________
deoxynucleotides
Deoxynucleotide are
- __________
- __________
- __________
- pentose sugar dexoyribose
- phosphate
- nitrogenous bases
Nitrogenous bases are
- ______(A,G)
- ______(C,T)
- Purines (A,G)
- Pyrimidine(C,T)
Note: sequences
Correct: Pu-Py
incorrect: Py-Py
______ strands in helix like structure; 2 strands are anti-parallel
DNA
DNA ______ is made of PO4 group and deoxyribose sugar
helix backbone
the four _______ (Purine A,G and pyrimidine C,T) forms step of the helix ladder
nitrogenous bases
In Dogma, base pairing occurs in a specific way; thje 2 strands are _______.
complimentary
In DOGMA, are held together by _______ between the bases. however its a weak bond but in numbers, its strong.
hydrogen bonds
In DOGMA, _____ structure is susceptible to denaturation (melting),
Denaturation meaning as separation of the 2 strands which is heat and chemical
DNA
In DOGMA, its not the number but the sequence of _____1___ is important. (hundreds of ___1_____ of DNA
1.nucleotide
In DOGMA, ______ is distributed equally betwen the daugther cells
DNA