Exam 4 (TOTAL): DNA,Rickettesia, Chlamydia, Myoplasma Flashcards by Shelby Souk

______ causes rocky mountain spotted fever and transmitted by ticks (dermacentor)

note: NO human to human transmission, only by ticks to human.

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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________ spotted rash is on the trunks, appendages, palms and soles along with fever, headache, chills, muscle aches. It may involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous system.

-If left untreated, CNS infection may induce convulsions, coma and death.

Rickettsia Rickettsii

Note: Don’t cause or associated with rickets(rickets is different)

rickets is nutritional deficiency diseases

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______ is non motile, gram negative aerobic, obligate intracellular parasite. it has a peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide outer membrane; slime layer is also present.

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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_______ and _______ are the only BACTERIA that are obligate intracellular parasite. Why? is not able to utilize glucose as a nutrient for energy. for it to obtain energy, it oxidses amino acids and intermediates of krebs cycle

Rickettsia Rickettsii and Chlamydia

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______ if its goes outside the host, it dies quickly; it needs transmission from one host to another (only by ticks to human, NO human to human) its a Vector, indirect transmission by a tick.

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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_____ is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. from one individual to another individual.

Vector

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________ enters by endocytosis and exits cells by exocytosis. prevents vesicle fusion with lysosomes to form phagosomes; breaks out of vesicle by enzyme secretion.

Rickettsia rickettsili

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_______ is a slow growing pathogen and divides only 8-12hrs. it remains dormant in tick’s salivary gland; prolonged feeding makes infective bacteria release into host system.

Rickettsia rickettsili

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No toxin is secreted by _______, disease is due to damaged blood vessel which causes blood to escape (petechiae) another word subcutaneous hemorrhage which end up low blood pressure and poor oxygenation.

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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a patients that is recovering from ________, may experience paralysis of the legs and gangrenous secondary infection with clostridium perfringens.

note: early diagnosis is essential and there is NOeffective vaccine as of now.

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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______ is once considered belonging to viruses due to small size and intracellular life style (energy arasites lacking enzymes for ATP synthesis)

Chlamydia

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_____ have DNA, RNA and 70S ribosomes

Chlamydia

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______ enters through cuts, abrasions; infects mucosal and conjunctival cells

Chlamydia

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In Chlamydia, different strains causes 2 main types of diseases which are ________ and ________.

1.Sexually transmitted diseases

Non gonococcal urethritis
Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LGV)
Trachomatis

2.Ocular diseases

Conjunctivitis trachoma

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Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________ is an infection of the urethra. is similiar to gonorrhea (note: Gonorrhea means flow of seed due to the pusk)

non gonococcal urethritis

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Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis is _______, common in women and complication is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to immune response; increase risk of steriling and ectopic pregnancy.

Asymptomatic

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Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis in men is ________, first symptom is usually a leakage of milky fluid (discharge) from the tip of the penis. If the infection is not treated, it may move up around the testicles, causing pain, swelling, and sterility.

Symptomatic

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Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________, is lesion in lymph nodes at the groin area also called “bubos” painful inflammed lymphnode.

Lymphogranuloma (LGV)

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Chlamydia that causes “Ocular Diseases” is ____1____, causes non traumatic blindness in children’s.

In adults can causes infection of the eye and lead to blindness as well is called, ___2____ is due to transmission from infected genitals to eyes, via fomites, fingers, flies

conjunctivitis Trachoma
trachomatis

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___1____ can be transmitted sexually or non sexually, how?

In sexually, _____1___ is non motile, which hitch hikes on sperm cells, binds to receptors on host cell surface. (note: same as Gonorrhea)

In non sexually, ____1____ is transmitted by in non chlorinated pool, during birth process inferior or poor medical care.

chlamydia

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Antibiotices that is effectiveness against chlamydia is ______1___ and ___2_____. (Note: PENCILLIN IS NOT EFFECTIVE)

Doxycycline
Erythromycin

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____1____ has NO peptidoglycan between membranes, it has 2 membranes which is similar to gram negative cells surrounds each _____1___ cells but “NO CELL WALL” (note: penicellin cannot penetrate)

1.Chlamydia

note: I didnt understand this, but just remember there is no peptidoglycan

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_______ is virulence, is due to escape from host immune response, it’s unique cell wall prevents phagosome fusing with lysosomes inside phagocytes

Chlamydia

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Chlamydia binds to conjuctival cells and multiplies within by killing them, which triggers pus formation then scares conjunctiva, which inturns patients eyelids turn inwards that causes eyelashes irritates, scratches and scars cornea, then triggers blood vessels invasion into clear areas; looses transparency which leads to blindness is a ocular disease called _________.

Conjunctiva trachomatis (these are the steps to this disease)

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\_\_\_\_\_\_ is - small, cocci shaped - infective form; dormant and similar to spores in resistance. - extracellular form

elementary bodies (EB)

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is - large, pleomorphie - reproductive forms - intracellular form because energy parasites entirely lacking ATP synthesis

reticulate bodies (RB or initial bodies)

How does elementary bodies(EB) and reticulate bodies(RB) process works?

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the smallest form of life, originally thought as belonging to viruses; contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes and divide by binary fission. it's pleomorphic and looks like fried egg appearance.

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes pneumonia, walking pneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia(dont need hospitialisation and means can infect immune compartment) - mild symptoms: fever, malaise headache

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes persistant unproductive cough due to repeat attempt to clear mucus and pathogens from lungs

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is common amongst high school and college students, can be spread by close contact a via aerosole meaning through coughing, singing or talking at students.

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **penicillin** is not effective; other antibiotics works. no available vaccine because cells **contain cholesterol** in membrane.

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is virulence, which is one of the few that cause hman disease mainly due to 2 factors. 1. **Capsule:** provide protection from phagocytosis 2. **adhesive protein**: attaches to ciliated epithelial cells receptors; interferes with mucus clearance and ciliary functions due to mucus builds and irritates respiratory tract

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the cell genetic information; mainly composed of DNA. exception: is a group of virus that belong to RNA family of viruses

Genome

\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ are thread like structures within cells, contains DNA and _associated proteins_. associated proteins are \_\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_ absent in bacteria cell \_\_\_\_3\_\_\_\_ protein bacteria chromosome non histone DNA

1. chromosomes (In human is total of 46 chromosomes 23/23) 2. normally histone 3. non histone

\_\_\_\_\_ is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product unit of genome

gene

\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ cell divide 2 things occurs 1. DNA replication distributed to daugther cell 2. \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ information contained within the DNA is passed on to daugther cells, is express includes transcription RNA synthesis DNA to RNA. translation (proteinsynthesis RNA to protein

1. gene expression

the flow of genetic information to central ______ molecular biology. DNA (transcription -\>) RNA RNA (translation -\>) protein

DOGMA

\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ is any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate. Example: DNA virus like \_\_\_\_2\_\_\_ virus and some RNA viruses like \_\_\_\_3\_\_\_\_ have reverse transcriptiopn RNA -\> DNA -\> RNA -\> protein

1. retrovirus 2. hepatitis B 3. HIV

DNA inside cell exists as linear polymer of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

deoxynucleotides

Deoxynucleotide are 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

1. pentose sugar dexoyribose 2. phosphate 3. nitrogenous bases

Nitrogenous bases are 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_(A,G) 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_(C,T)

1. **_Pu_**rines (A,G) 2. **_Py_**rimidine(C,T) Note: sequences Correct: Pu-Py incorrect: Py-Py

\_\_\_\_\_\_ strands in helix like structure; 2 strands are anti-parallel

DNA

DNA ______ is made of PO₄ group and deoxyribose sugar

helix backbone

the four _______ (Purine A,G and pyrimidine C,T) forms step of the helix ladder

nitrogenous bases

In Dogma, base pairing occurs in a specific way; thje 2 strands are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

complimentary

In DOGMA, are held together by _______ between the bases. however its a weak bond but in numbers, its strong.

hydrogen bonds

In DOGMA, _____ structure is susceptible to denaturation (melting), Denaturation meaning as separation of the 2 strands which is heat and chemical

DNA

In DOGMA, its not the number but the sequence of \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ is important. (hundreds of \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_\_ of DNA

1.nucleotide

In DOGMA, ______ is distributed equally betwen the daugther cells

DNA

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid, A-T is the base pair for \_\_\_\_\_(Genotype). A=adenine T=thymine

DNA

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid, A-U is the base pair for \_\_\_\_. A=Adenine U=Uracll

RNA

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid, G-C is the base pair for ____ and \_\_\_\_. G=Guanine C=Cytosine

DNA and RNA

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has 3 steps: 1. Unwinding: hydrogen bond breaks 2. complimentary base pairing 3. bond formation

DNA replication

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ means phosphous diester bond between new nucleotide and the group end of DNA. Also hydrogen bonds between strand

Bond formation

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is semi-conservative, one strand serves as template for the new strand. each of the 2 new DNA mole cules generated contains, one of the original parental strand.

DNA replication

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is asymmetric, meaning one strand is syntherized at faster rate compared to other strand synthesis.

DNA replication

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is bi-directional

DNA replication

\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ is a very accurate process is due to the proof reading activity of DNA polymerase high fidelity in \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_\_.

1. DNA replication

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ encompasses collaborative effort of many components such as proteins and non-proteins part, complexed as together as the replisome.

DNA Replication

Bacterial DNA is \_\_\_1\_\_\_ means during a DNA synthesis is often time is in **A-CH₃residue (rarely in C-CH3 residue but can be \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_)** is used to control of gene expression. it can turn on or off genes expression. it can signal initiation of DNA replication to protect bacteria DNA.

1. methylated

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ initiates from the origin of replication

DNA replication

The _________ of DNA replication.

The **_bidirectionality_** of DNA replication Note: just try to remember this sequence, the formation of "termination of replication"

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ model of DNA replication

**_Semiconservative_** model of DNA replication note: try to understand how orginal DNA to second replication process

DNA replication requires energy; fueled by participation of \_\_\_1\_\_\_. or \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_is a building blocks and energy sources in DNA synthesis

1. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)

A generic term referring to the four ____________________ dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP.

Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes protein component and non protein component.

Replisome

Replisome **"\_\_\_\_\_\_ components"** includes Non enzymatic and Enzymatic

Replisome **"protein components"**

Replisome "protein components" ________ is single stranded DNA binding protein, ensures hydrogen bonds don't form.

Non enzymatic

Replisome "protein components" ________ is DNA polymerase, Helicase, Gyrase, Primase, Ligase and RNase H.

Enzymatic

Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand

DNA polymerase

Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" ______ separates the strands (meaning unwinds)

DNA Helicase

Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _____ alleviates the tension built between separated strands by cutting one of the strands (nicking)

DNA Gyrase

Drug: Ciprofloxacillin targets \_\_\_1\_\_\_ and block its action, so NO DNA replication, NO bacterial growth then body defense system elimates bacteria.

1. DNA gyrase (Note: In human have equivalent enzyme **topoisomerase** (similar to Gyrase) is not effected by ciprofloxacillin)

Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _________ makes RNA primer for polymerase action

DNA Primase

Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _______ joins the Okazaki fragments

DNA Ligase

Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" ______ degrades the RNA Primer. it recognize the RNA of the H(Hybrid)

DNA RNase H

Replisome "\_\_\_\_\_\_ components" includes template DNA strand, RNA nucleotides, energy, Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), origin of replication, primers

Replisome **"Non Protein components"**

Pol lll (DNA polymerase 3): is "major player" involves in _______ and ______ strands synthesis

leading and lagging

Pol l (DNA polymerase 1): involves with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

okazaki fragments

Synthesis of ________ is continously polymerized of DNA nucleotides "choose the replication fork"

leading strand

Synthesis of ________ discontinous synthesis due to DNA polymerase

lagging strand

DNA -\> RNA -\> mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are particpate in translation in \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_. DNA -\> RNA -\> primer RNA is involved in \_\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_.

1. protein synthesis 2. DNA replication

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand. * has proof reading exonuclease activity * elongates DNA chain only in one direction 5'-\>3' leading and lagging strand. * can only add nucleotide to an existing fragment of nucleic acids(primer)

DNA polymerase l (Pol l)

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is where active DNA replication occurs in replication bubble * parental strand are no more paired at the replication fork

replication fork

\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes 2 separate but interdependent processes: transcription (trx) and translation.

gene expression

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of synthesis of complimentary RNA strand from DNA * gene acts as a template

transcription

product of _______ is RNA, single stranded * four types, functions in cytoplasm * purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (C,U) are present; NO T * ribose sugars are found in RNA's

Transcription

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to RNA sequence.

Transcription outcome

how is RNA polymerase different from DNA polymerase?(total of 5 differents) and one similairly between the two.

Different 1. no requirement of helicase in built ability to separate the 2 strands dring transcription 2. no requirement of polymer 3. has poor proof reading ability. 4. incorporate ribonucleotide instead of deoxynucleotides 5. incorporates with U instead of T Similairly 1. both syntheize in 5'-\>3' direction polymerase

Transcription requirements are \_\_\_1\_\_, \_\_\_2\_\_\_,\_\_\_3\_\_\_, and \_\_\_4\_\_\_.

1. template DNA 2. RNA ribonucleotide 3. sigma factor 4. RNA polymerase

Transcription requirement of template DNA has _______ sequence which is reconized by RNA polymerase and where transcription itiaks from.

promoter

transcription requirement of template DNA has a _______ which signal end of transcription

terminator sequence

transcription requirement of RNA ribonucleotide which is _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__

**A**tp,**C**tp,**G**tp,**U**tp (A,C,G,U)

transcription requirement of sigma factor is the subunit RNA polymerase reconqizes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

promoter sequence

3 Steps of transcription step 1. _______ : polymerase binds to template at promote sequence.

initiation

3 steps of transcription Step 2. _______ : polymerase moves along the template

Elongation

3 steps of transcription Step 3. \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ : polymerase dissociates, releases template along with the newly synthesized RNA. also have two types of \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ processes in bacteria, which are Rho dependent structure and self \_\_\_1\_\_\_ due to hair pin loop.

1. termination

Drug: ________ target RNA polymerase of mycobacterial, drug often given to tuberculosis patient in the cocktail of anti tuberculosis drugs that bind and block RNA polymerase activity.

Rifamycin

this picture is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Concurrent RNA transcription ## Footnote Note: Remember the seqeunce showed here

\_\_\_1\_\_ present in mRNA, triplet of nucleotide which codes for a specific amino acid, and there are 64 possible \_\_\_1\_\_ for the 22 possible amino acids

1.codon

although there are total of 64 possible codons, but only 61 \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ which all code for amino acids also have a **corresponding tRNA**. the remaining 3 are \_\_\_2\_\_\_, that dont code for any amino acid, that are **NO tRNA** associated with these signal for translation.

1. sense codons 2. non sense codons (or stop codons)

\_\_\_\_\_ are universal code used by all living organisms, ribosomes decipher mRNA information using the code.

genetic code

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is some amino acids are coded by more than 1 codon, and the **advantage** is if one nucleotide is not copied incorporated in mRNA; still it can code for correct amino acid which allow room for mistakes made by RNA polymerase.(mistakes are due to poor proof reading activity)

codon degeneracy

\_\_\_\_\_\_ present only in t-RNA molecule forms hydrogen bonds with codons (on mRNA)

anticodon

\_\_\_\_\_\_ has clover leaf like structure with lops and stems which delivers amino acid to ribosomes; has acceptor arm where amino acid attaches

t-RNA

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have some unsual bases are present in, such as **pseudouridine, inosine, dihydrouridine**

t-RNA

Some cells have at least one ____ for each amino acids; could be **Charged** and have amino acids attached to its acceptor arm or **Discharge** with NO amino acid attached

t-RNA

There is NO ______ for the stop codons

t-RNA

\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves decoding the mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence of proteins

translation

\_\_\_\_\_ provides platform where codons (of mRNA) are transformed into amino acid sequence of proteins * has small and large subunit large subunit has P, A and E site

ribosomes

Ribosomes large subunits sites that has a ______ site where peptide bonds are made

**P** (**P**eptidyl) site

ribosomes large subunits sites that has a _____ site where charged t-RNA entires the ribosomes.

**A** (**A**ccepter) site

Ribosomes large subunits that has ____ site which discharged t-RNA exits the ribosomes

**E** (**E**xit) Site

the 3 steps of translation are \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.

initiation, elongation and termination

this is the translaton ______ complex

initiation complex ## Footnote note: Remember that chart

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is followed by AUG and stops at another AUG

RBS(ribosome binding site)

the ______ of translation in prokaryotes

Initiation ## Footnote Note: remember that picture below

the ______ stage of translation

Elongation stage ## Footnote Note: remember the picture below

this is due to too many \_\_\_\_\_, the picture showned below: A polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell.

mRNA

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has a inducible that is activated by i**nducers** lac operon and repressible operon which is transcribed continously until deactivated by **repressors**