Exam 4 (TOTAL): DNA,Rickettesia, Chlamydia, Myoplasma Flashcards
______ causes rocky mountain spotted fever and transmitted by ticks (dermacentor)
note: NO human to human transmission, only by ticks to human.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
________ spotted rash is on the trunks, appendages, palms and soles along with fever, headache, chills, muscle aches. It may involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous system.
-If left untreated, CNS infection may induce convulsions, coma and death.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
Note: Don’t cause or associated with rickets(rickets is different)
rickets is nutritional deficiency diseases
______ is non motile, gram negative aerobic, obligate intracellular parasite. it has a peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide outer membrane; slime layer is also present.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
_______ and _______ are the only BACTERIA that are obligate intracellular parasite. Why? is not able to utilize glucose as a nutrient for energy. for it to obtain energy, it oxidses amino acids and intermediates of krebs cycle
Rickettsia Rickettsii and Chlamydia
______ if its goes outside the host, it dies quickly; it needs transmission from one host to another (only by ticks to human, NO human to human) its a Vector, indirect transmission by a tick.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
_____ is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. from one individual to another individual.
Vector
________ enters by endocytosis and exits cells by exocytosis. prevents vesicle fusion with lysosomes to form phagosomes; breaks out of vesicle by enzyme secretion.
Rickettsia rickettsili
_______ is a slow growing pathogen and divides only 8-12hrs. it remains dormant in tick’s salivary gland; prolonged feeding makes infective bacteria release into host system.
Rickettsia rickettsili
No toxin is secreted by _______, disease is due to damaged blood vessel which causes blood to escape (petechiae) another word subcutaneous hemorrhage which end up low blood pressure and poor oxygenation.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
a patients that is recovering from ________, may experience paralysis of the legs and gangrenous secondary infection with clostridium perfringens.
note: early diagnosis is essential and there is NOeffective vaccine as of now.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
______ is once considered belonging to viruses due to small size and intracellular life style (energy arasites lacking enzymes for ATP synthesis)
Chlamydia
_____ have DNA, RNA and 70S ribosomes
Chlamydia
______ enters through cuts, abrasions; infects mucosal and conjunctival cells
Chlamydia
In Chlamydia, different strains causes 2 main types of diseases which are ________ and ________.
1.Sexually transmitted diseases
- Non gonococcal urethritis
- Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LGV)
- Trachomatis
2.Ocular diseases
- Conjunctivitis trachoma
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________ is an infection of the urethra. is similiar to gonorrhea (note: Gonorrhea means flow of seed due to the pusk)
non gonococcal urethritis
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis is _______, common in women and complication is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to immune response; increase risk of steriling and ectopic pregnancy.
Asymptomatic
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis in men is ________, first symptom is usually a leakage of milky fluid (discharge) from the tip of the penis. If the infection is not treated, it may move up around the testicles, causing pain, swelling, and sterility.
Symptomatic
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________, is lesion in lymph nodes at the groin area also called “bubos” painful inflammed lymphnode.
Lymphogranuloma (LGV)
Chlamydia that causes “Ocular Diseases” is ____1____, causes non traumatic blindness in children’s.
In adults can causes infection of the eye and lead to blindness as well is called, ___2____ is due to transmission from infected genitals to eyes, via fomites, fingers, flies
- conjunctivitis Trachoma
- trachomatis
___1____ can be transmitted sexually or non sexually, how?
In sexually, _____1___ is non motile, which hitch hikes on sperm cells, binds to receptors on host cell surface. (note: same as Gonorrhea)
In non sexually, ____1____ is transmitted by in non chlorinated pool, during birth process inferior or poor medical care.
- chlamydia
Antibiotices that is effectiveness against chlamydia is ______1___ and ___2_____. (Note: PENCILLIN IS NOT EFFECTIVE)
- Doxycycline
- Erythromycin
____1____ has NO peptidoglycan between membranes, it has 2 membranes which is similar to gram negative cells surrounds each _____1___ cells but “NO CELL WALL” (note: penicellin cannot penetrate)
1.Chlamydia
note: I didnt understand this, but just remember there is no peptidoglycan
_______ is virulence, is due to escape from host immune response, it’s unique cell wall prevents phagosome fusing with lysosomes inside phagocytes
Chlamydia
Chlamydia binds to conjuctival cells and multiplies within by killing them, which triggers pus formation then scares conjunctiva, which inturns patients eyelids turn inwards that causes eyelashes irritates, scratches and scars cornea, then triggers blood vessels invasion into clear areas; looses transparency which leads to blindness is a ocular disease called _________.
Conjunctiva trachomatis (these are the steps to this disease)
______ is
- small, cocci shaped
- infective form; dormant and similar to spores in resistance.
- extracellular form
elementary bodies (EB)
________ is
- large, pleomorphie
- reproductive forms
- intracellular form because energy parasites entirely lacking ATP synthesis
reticulate bodies (RB or initial bodies)
How does elementary bodies(EB) and reticulate bodies(RB) process works?
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________ is the smallest form of life, originally thought as belonging to viruses; contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes and divide by binary fission. it’s pleomorphic and looks like fried egg appearance.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
______ causes pneumonia, walking pneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia(dont need hospitialisation and means can infect immune compartment)
- mild symptoms: fever, malaise headache
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
_______ causes persistant unproductive cough due to repeat attempt to clear mucus and pathogens from lungs
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
______ is common amongst high school and college students, can be spread by close contact a via aerosole meaning through coughing, singing or talking at students.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
_________ penicillin is not effective; other antibiotics works. no available vaccine because cells contain cholesterol in membrane.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
_______ is virulence, which is one of the few that cause hman disease mainly due to 2 factors.
- Capsule: provide protection from phagocytosis
- adhesive protein: attaches to ciliated epithelial cells receptors; interferes with mucus clearance and ciliary functions due to mucus builds and irritates respiratory tract
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
________ is the cell genetic information; mainly composed of DNA.
exception: is a group of virus that belong to RNA family of viruses
Genome
____1___ are thread like structures within cells, contains DNA and associated proteins.
associated proteins are
____2____ absent in bacteria cell
____3____ protein bacteria chromosome non histone DNA
- chromosomes (In human is total of 46 chromosomes 23/23)
- normally histone
- non histone
_____ is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product unit of genome
gene
____1___ cell divide 2 things occurs
- DNA replication distributed to daugther cell
- _____1____ information contained within the DNA is passed on to daugther cells, is express includes
transcription RNA synthesis DNA to RNA.
translation (proteinsynthesis RNA to protein
- gene expression
the flow of genetic information to central ______ molecular biology.
DNA (transcription ->) RNA
RNA (translation ->) protein
DOGMA
___1____ is any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate.
Example:
DNA virus like ____2___ virus and
some RNA viruses like ____3____ have reverse transcriptiopn
RNA -> DNA -> RNA -> protein
- retrovirus
- hepatitis B
- HIV
DNA inside cell exists as linear polymer of _________
deoxynucleotides
Deoxynucleotide are
- __________
- __________
- __________
- pentose sugar dexoyribose
- phosphate
- nitrogenous bases
Nitrogenous bases are
- ______(A,G)
- ______(C,T)
- Purines (A,G)
- Pyrimidine(C,T)
Note: sequences
Correct: Pu-Py
incorrect: Py-Py
______ strands in helix like structure; 2 strands are anti-parallel
DNA
DNA ______ is made of PO4 group and deoxyribose sugar
helix backbone
the four _______ (Purine A,G and pyrimidine C,T) forms step of the helix ladder
nitrogenous bases
In Dogma, base pairing occurs in a specific way; thje 2 strands are _______.
complimentary
In DOGMA, are held together by _______ between the bases. however its a weak bond but in numbers, its strong.
hydrogen bonds
In DOGMA, _____ structure is susceptible to denaturation (melting),
Denaturation meaning as separation of the 2 strands which is heat and chemical
DNA
In DOGMA, its not the number but the sequence of _____1___ is important. (hundreds of ___1_____ of DNA
1.nucleotide
In DOGMA, ______ is distributed equally betwen the daugther cells
DNA
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
A-T is the base pair for _____(Genotype).
A=adenine T=thymine
DNA
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
A-U is the base pair for ____.
A=Adenine U=Uracll
RNA
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
G-C is the base pair for ____ and ____.
G=Guanine C=Cytosine
DNA and RNA
_______ has 3 steps:
- Unwinding: hydrogen bond breaks
- complimentary base pairing
- bond formation
DNA replication
_______ means phosphous diester bond between new nucleotide and the group end of DNA. Also hydrogen bonds between strand
Bond formation
______ is semi-conservative, one strand serves as template for the new strand. each of the 2 new DNA mole cules generated contains, one of the original parental strand.
DNA replication
______ is asymmetric, meaning one strand is syntherized at faster rate compared to other strand synthesis.
DNA replication
________ is bi-directional
DNA replication
____1____ is a very accurate process is due to the proof reading activity of DNA polymerase high fidelity in ____1_____.
- DNA replication
_________ encompasses collaborative effort of many components such as proteins and non-proteins part, complexed as together as the replisome.
DNA Replication
Bacterial DNA is ___1___ means during a DNA synthesis is often time is in A-CH3 residue (rarely in C-CH3 residue but can be _____1____) is used to control of gene expression. it can turn on or off genes expression. it can signal initiation of DNA replication to protect bacteria DNA.
- methylated
________ initiates from the origin of replication
DNA replication
The _________ of DNA replication.
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The bidirectionality of DNA replication
Note: just try to remember this sequence, the formation of “termination of replication”
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_______ model of DNA replication
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Semiconservative model of DNA replication
note: try to understand how orginal DNA to second replication process
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DNA replication requires energy; fueled by participation of ___1___. or ____1___is a building blocks and energy sources in DNA synthesis
- Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
A generic term referring to the four ____________________ dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP.
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
_______ includes protein component and non protein component.
Replisome
Replisome “______ components” includes
Non enzymatic and Enzymatic
Replisome “protein components”
Replisome “protein components” ________ is single stranded DNA binding protein, ensures hydrogen bonds don’t form.
Non enzymatic
Replisome “protein components” ________ is DNA polymerase, Helicase, Gyrase, Primase, Ligase and RNase H.
Enzymatic
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand
DNA polymerase
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ separates the strands (meaning unwinds)
DNA Helicase
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _____ alleviates the tension built between separated strands by cutting one of the strands (nicking)
DNA Gyrase
Drug: Ciprofloxacillin targets ___1___ and block its action, so NO DNA replication, NO bacterial growth then body defense system elimates bacteria.
- DNA gyrase
(Note: In human have equivalent enzyme topoisomerase (similar to Gyrase) is not effected by ciprofloxacillin)
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _________ makes RNA primer for polymerase action
DNA Primase
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ joins the Okazaki fragments
DNA Ligase
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ degrades the RNA Primer. it recognize the RNA of the H(Hybrid)
DNA RNase H
Replisome “______ components” includes template DNA strand, RNA nucleotides, energy, Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), origin of replication, primers
Replisome “Non Protein components”
Pol lll (DNA polymerase 3): is “major player” involves in _______ and ______ strands synthesis
leading and lagging
Pol l (DNA polymerase 1): involves with _______
okazaki fragments
Synthesis of ________ is continously polymerized of DNA nucleotides “choose the replication fork”
leading strand
Synthesis of ________ discontinous synthesis due to DNA polymerase
lagging strand
DNA -> RNA -> mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are particpate in translation in ___1____.
DNA -> RNA -> primer RNA is involved in ____2____.
- protein synthesis
- DNA replication
_______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand.
- has proof reading exonuclease activity
- elongates DNA chain only in one direction 5’->3’ leading and lagging strand.
- can only add nucleotide to an existing fragment of nucleic acids(primer)
DNA polymerase l (Pol l)
______ is where active DNA replication occurs in replication bubble
- parental strand are no more paired at the replication fork
replication fork
______ includes 2 separate but interdependent processes: transcription (trx) and translation.
gene expression
_______ is the process of synthesis of complimentary RNA strand from DNA
- gene acts as a template
transcription
product of _______ is RNA, single stranded
- four types, functions in cytoplasm
- purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (C,U) are present; NO T
- ribose sugars are found in RNA’s
Transcription
_______ is DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to RNA sequence.
Transcription outcome
how is RNA polymerase different from DNA polymerase?(total of 5 differents)
and one similairly between the two.
Different
- no requirement of helicase in built ability to separate the 2 strands dring transcription
- no requirement of polymer
- has poor proof reading ability.
- incorporate ribonucleotide instead of deoxynucleotides
- incorporates with U instead of T
Similairly
- both syntheize in 5’->3’ direction polymerase
Transcription requirements are ___1__, ___2___,___3___, and ___4___.
- template DNA
- RNA ribonucleotide
- sigma factor
- RNA polymerase
Transcription requirement of template DNA has _______ sequence which is reconized by RNA polymerase and where transcription itiaks from.
promoter
transcription requirement of template DNA has a _______ which signal end of transcription
terminator sequence
transcription requirement of RNA ribonucleotide which is ______\_
Atp,Ctp,Gtp,Utp (A,C,G,U)
transcription requirement of sigma factor is the subunit RNA polymerase reconqizes the _______
promoter sequence
3 Steps of transcription
step 1. _______ : polymerase binds to template at promote sequence.
initiation
3 steps of transcription
Step 2. _______ : polymerase moves along the template
Elongation
3 steps of transcription
Step 3. ___1____ : polymerase dissociates, releases template along with the newly synthesized RNA. also have two types of ___1____ processes in bacteria, which are Rho dependent structure and self ___1___ due to hair pin loop.
- termination
Drug: ________ target RNA polymerase of mycobacterial, drug often given to tuberculosis patient in the cocktail of anti tuberculosis drugs that bind and block RNA polymerase activity.
Rifamycin
this picture is called the _______
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Concurrent RNA transcription
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Note: Remember the seqeunce showed here
___1__ present in mRNA, triplet of nucleotide which codes for a specific amino acid, and there are 64 possible ___1__ for the 22 possible amino acids
1.codon
although there are total of 64 possible codons,
but only 61 ___1____ which all code for amino acids also have a corresponding tRNA.
the remaining 3 are ___2___, that dont code for any amino acid, that are NO tRNA associated with these signal for translation.
- sense codons
- non sense codons (or stop codons)
_____ are universal code used by all living organisms, ribosomes decipher mRNA information using the code.
genetic code
_______ is some amino acids are coded by more than 1 codon,
and the advantage is if one nucleotide is not copied incorporated in mRNA; still it can code for correct amino acid which allow room for mistakes made by RNA polymerase.(mistakes are due to poor proof reading activity)
codon degeneracy
______ present only in t-RNA molecule forms hydrogen bonds with codons (on mRNA)
anticodon
______ has clover leaf like structure with lops and stems which delivers amino acid to ribosomes; has acceptor arm where amino acid attaches
t-RNA
_______ have some unsual bases are present in, such as pseudouridine, inosine, dihydrouridine
t-RNA
Some cells have at least one ____ for each amino acids; could be Charged and have amino acids attached to its acceptor arm or Discharge with NO amino acid attached
t-RNA
There is NO ______ for the stop codons
t-RNA
______ involves decoding the mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence of proteins
translation
_____ provides platform where codons (of mRNA) are transformed into amino acid sequence of proteins
- has small and large subunit
large subunit has P, A and E site
ribosomes
Ribosomes large subunits sites that has a ______ site where peptide bonds are made
P (Peptidyl) site
ribosomes large subunits sites that has a _____ site where charged t-RNA entires the ribosomes.
A (Accepter) site
Ribosomes large subunits that has ____ site which discharged t-RNA exits the ribosomes
E (Exit) Site
the 3 steps of translation are ______, ______, and _____.
initiation, elongation and termination
this is the translaton ______ complex
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initiation complex
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note: Remember that chart
______ is followed by AUG and stops at another AUG
RBS(ribosome binding site)
the ______ of translation in prokaryotes
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Initiation
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Note: remember that picture below
the ______ stage of translation
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Elongation stage
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Note: remember the picture below
this is due to too many _____,
the picture showned below: A polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell.
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mRNA
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_______ has a inducible that is activated by inducers lac operon and repressible operon which is transcribed continously until deactivated by repressors
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operon
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Note: remember those steps
Lac operon encodes for ___1___, ___2___, and __3___
- LacX : lactose permease
- LacY : Beta galactosidase
- LacZ : role is unclear
This picture shows Lac operon ______
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repressed
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Note: remember the entire steps
This picture shows Lac operon ______
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induced
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Note: remember the entire steps
This picture show below is _____ enchances Lac transcription
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CAP-cAMP
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Note: Remember those steps
______ is when
High glucose -> low level of cAMP
Absent glucose -> high cAMP
CAP (Catabolite Activator Protein)