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Biol3 > Exam 4: ONLY DNA- Introduction, replication, operon > Flashcards

Exam 4: ONLY DNA- Introduction, replication, operon Flashcards

1
Q

________ is the cell genetic information; mainly composed of DNA.

exception: is a group of virus that belong to RNA family of viruses

A

Genome

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2
Q

____1___ are thread like structures within cells, contains DNA and associated proteins.

associated proteins are

____2____ absent in bacteria cell

____3____ protein bacteria chromosome non histone DNA

A
  1. chromosomes (In human is total of 46 chromosomes 23/23)
  2. normally histone
  3. non histone
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3
Q

_____ is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product unit of genome

A

gene

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4
Q

____1___ cell divide 2 things occurs

  1. DNA replication distributed to daugther cell
  2. _____1____ information contained within the DNA is passed on to daugther cells, is express includes

transcription RNA synthesis DNA to RNA.

translation (proteinsynthesis RNA to protein

A
  1. gene expression
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5
Q

the flow of genetic information to central ______ molecular biology.

DNA (transcription ->) RNA

RNA (translation ->) protein

A

DOGMA

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6
Q

___1____ is any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate.

Example:

DNA virus like ____2___ virus and

some RNA viruses like ____3____ have reverse transcriptiopn

RNA -> DNA -> RNA -> protein

A
  1. retrovirus
  2. hepatitis B
  3. HIV
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7
Q

DNA inside cell exists as linear polymer of _________

A

deoxynucleotides

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8
Q

Deoxynucleotide are

  1. __________
  2. __________
  3. __________
A
  1. pentose sugar dexoyribose
  2. phosphate
  3. nitrogenous bases
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9
Q

Nitrogenous bases are

  1. ______(A,G)
  2. ______(C,T)
A
  1. Purines (A,G)
  2. Pyrimidine(C,T)

Note: sequences

Correct: Pu-Py

incorrect: Py-Py

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10
Q

______ strands in helix like structure; 2 strands are anti-parallel

A

DNA

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11
Q

DNA ______ is made of PO4 group and deoxyribose sugar

A

helix backbone

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12
Q

the four _______ (Purine A,G and pyrimidine C,T) forms step of the helix ladder

A

nitrogenous bases

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13
Q

In Dogma, base pairing occurs in a specific way; thje 2 strands are _______.

A

complimentary

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14
Q

In DOGMA, are held together by _______ between the bases. however its a weak bond but in numbers, its strong.

A

hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

In DOGMA, _____ structure is susceptible to denaturation (melting),

Denaturation meaning as separation of the 2 strands which is heat and chemical

A

DNA

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16
Q

In DOGMA, its not the number but the sequence of _____1___ is important. (hundreds of ___1_____ of DNA

A

1.nucleotide

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17
Q

In DOGMA, ______ is distributed equally betwen the daugther cells

A

DNA

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18
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

A-T is the base pair for _____(Genotype).

A=adenine T=thymine

A

DNA

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19
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

A-U is the base pair for ____.

A=Adenine U=Uracll

A

RNA

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20
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

G-C is the base pair for ____ and ____.

G=Guanine C=Cytosine

A

DNA and RNA

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21
Q

_______ has 3 steps:

  1. Unwinding: hydrogen bond breaks
  2. complimentary base pairing
  3. bond formation
A

DNA replication

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22
Q

_______ means phosphous diester bond between new nucleotide and the group end of DNA. Also hydrogen bonds between strand

A

Bond formation

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23
Q

______ is semi-conservative, one strand serves as template for the new strand. each of the 2 new DNA mole cules generated contains, one of the original parental strand.

A

DNA replication

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24
Q

______ is asymmetric, meaning one strand is syntherized at faster rate compared to other strand synthesis.

A

DNA replication

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25
Q

________ is bi-directional

A

DNA replication

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26
Q

____1____ is a very accurate process is due to the proof reading activity of DNA polymerase high fidelity in ____1_____.

A
  1. DNA replication
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27
Q

_________ encompasses collaborative effort of many components such as proteins and non-proteins part, complexed as together as the replisome.

A

DNA Replication

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28
Q

Bacterial DNA is ___1___ means during a DNA synthesis is often time is in A-CH3 residue (rarely in C-CH3 residue but can be _____1____) is used to control of gene expression. it can turn on or off genes expression. it can signal initiation of DNA replication to protect bacteria DNA.

A
  1. methylated
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29
Q

________ initiates from the origin of replication

A

DNA replication

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30
Q

The _________ of DNA replication.

A

The bidirectionality of DNA replication

Note: just try to remember this sequence, the formation of “termination of replication”

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31
Q

_______ model of DNA replication

A

Semiconservative model of DNA replication

note: try to understand how orginal DNA to second replication process

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32
Q

DNA replication requires energy; fueled by participation of ___1___. or ____1___is a building blocks and energy sources in DNA synthesis

A
  1. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
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33
Q

A generic term referring to the four ____________________ dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP.

A

Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)

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34
Q

_______ includes protein component and non protein component.

A

Replisome

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35
Q

Replisome “______ components” includes

Non enzymatic and Enzymatic

A

Replisome “protein components”

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36
Q

Replisome “protein components” ________ is single stranded DNA binding protein, ensures hydrogen bonds don’t form.

A

Non enzymatic

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37
Q

Replisome “protein components” ________ is DNA polymerase, Helicase, Gyrase, Primase, Ligase and RNase H.

A

Enzymatic

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38
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand

A

DNA polymerase

39
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ separates the strands (meaning unwinds)

A

DNA Helicase

40
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _____ alleviates the tension built between separated strands by cutting one of the strands (nicking)

A

DNA Gyrase

41
Q

Drug: Ciprofloxacillin targets ___1___ and block its action, so NO DNA replication, NO bacterial growth then body defense system elimates bacteria.

A
  1. DNA gyrase

(Note: In human have equivalent enzyme topoisomerase (similar to Gyrase) is not effected by ciprofloxacillin)

42
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _________ makes RNA primer for polymerase action

A

DNA Primase

43
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ joins the Okazaki fragments

A

DNA Ligase

44
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ degrades the RNA Primer. it recognize the RNA of the H(Hybrid)

A

DNA RNase H

45
Q

Replisome “______ components” includes template DNA strand, RNA nucleotides, energy, Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), origin of replication, primers

A

Replisome “Non Protein components”

46
Q

Pol lll (DNA polymerase 3): is “major player” involves in _______ and ______ strands synthesis

A

leading and lagging

47
Q

Pol l (DNA polymerase 1): involves with _______

A

okazaki fragments

48
Q

Synthesis of ________ is continously polymerized of DNA nucleotides “choose the replication fork”

A

leading strand

49
Q

Synthesis of ________ discontinous synthesis due to DNA polymerase

A

lagging strand

50
Q

DNA -> RNA -> mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are particpate in translation in ___1____.

DNA -> RNA -> primer RNA is involved in ____2____.

A
  1. protein synthesis
  2. DNA replication
51
Q

_______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand.

  • has proof reading exonuclease activity
  • elongates DNA chain only in one direction 5’->3’ leading and lagging strand.
  • can only add nucleotide to an existing fragment of nucleic acids(primer)
A

DNA polymerase l (Pol l)

52
Q

______ is where active DNA replication occurs in replication bubble

  • parental strand are no more paired at the replication fork
A

replication fork

53
Q

______ includes 2 separate but interdependent processes: transcription (trx) and translation.

A

gene expression

54
Q

_______ is the process of synthesis of complimentary RNA strand from DNA

  • gene acts as a template
A

transcription

55
Q

product of _______ is RNA, single stranded

  • four types, functions in cytoplasm
  • purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (C,U) are present; NO T
  • ribose sugars are found in RNA’s
A

Transcription

56
Q

_______ is DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to RNA sequence.

A

Transcription outcome

57
Q

how is RNA polymerase different from DNA polymerase?(total of 5 differents)

and one similairly between the two.

A

Different

  1. no requirement of helicase in built ability to separate the 2 strands dring transcription
  2. no requirement of polymer
  3. has poor proof reading ability.
  4. incorporate ribonucleotide instead of deoxynucleotides
  5. incorporates with U instead of T

Similairly

  1. both syntheize in 5’->3’ direction polymerase
58
Q

Transcription requirements are ___1__, ___2___,___3___, and ___4___.

A
  1. template DNA
  2. RNA ribonucleotide
  3. sigma factor
  4. RNA polymerase
59
Q

Transcription requirement of template DNA has _______ sequence which is reconized by RNA polymerase and where transcription itiaks from.

A

promoter

60
Q

transcription requirement of template DNA has a _______ which signal end of transcription

A

terminator sequence

61
Q

transcription requirement of RNA ribonucleotide which is ______\_

A

Atp,Ctp,Gtp,Utp (A,C,G,U)

62
Q

transcription requirement of sigma factor is the subunit RNA polymerase reconqizes the _______

A

promoter sequence

63
Q

3 Steps of transcription

step 1. _______ : polymerase binds to template at promote sequence.

A

initiation

64
Q

3 steps of transcription

Step 2. _______ : polymerase moves along the template

A

Elongation

65
Q

3 steps of transcription

Step 3. ___1____ : polymerase dissociates, releases template along with the newly synthesized RNA. also have two types of ___1____ processes in bacteria, which are Rho dependent structure and self ___1___ due to hair pin loop.

A
  1. termination
66
Q

Drug: ________ target RNA polymerase of mycobacterial, drug often given to tuberculosis patient in the cocktail of anti tuberculosis drugs that bind and block RNA polymerase activity.

A

Rifamycin

67
Q

this picture is called the _______

A

Concurrent RNA transcription

Note: Remember the seqeunce showed here

68
Q

___1__ present in mRNA, triplet of nucleotide which codes for a specific amino acid, and there are 64 possible ___1__ for the 22 possible amino acids

A

1.codon

69
Q

although there are total of 64 possible codons,

but only 61 ___1____ which all code for amino acids also have a corresponding tRNA.

the remaining 3 are ___2___, that dont code for any amino acid, that are NO tRNA associated with these signal for translation.

A
  1. sense codons
  2. non sense codons (or stop codons)
70
Q

_____ are universal code used by all living organisms, ribosomes decipher mRNA information using the code.

A

genetic code

71
Q

_______ is some amino acids are coded by more than 1 codon,

and the advantage is if one nucleotide is not copied incorporated in mRNA; still it can code for correct amino acid which allow room for mistakes made by RNA polymerase.(mistakes are due to poor proof reading activity)

A

codon degeneracy

72
Q

______ present only in t-RNA molecule forms hydrogen bonds with codons (on mRNA)

A

anticodon

73
Q

______ has clover leaf like structure with lops and stems which delivers amino acid to ribosomes; has acceptor arm where amino acid attaches

A

t-RNA

74
Q

_______ have some unsual bases are present in, such as pseudouridine, inosine, dihydrouridine

A

t-RNA

75
Q

Some cells have at least one ____ for each amino acids; could be Charged and have amino acids attached to its acceptor arm or Discharge with NO amino acid attached

A

t-RNA

76
Q

There is NO ______ for the stop codons

A

t-RNA

77
Q

______ involves decoding the mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence of proteins

A

translation

78
Q

_____ provides platform where codons (of mRNA) are transformed into amino acid sequence of proteins

  • has small and large subunit

large subunit has P, A and E site

A

ribosomes

79
Q

Ribosomes large subunits sites that has a ______ site where peptide bonds are made

A

P (Peptidyl) site

80
Q

ribosomes large subunits sites that has a _____ site where charged t-RNA entires the ribosomes.

A

A (Accepter) site

81
Q

Ribosomes large subunits that has ____ site which discharged t-RNA exits the ribosomes

A

E (Exit) Site

82
Q

the 3 steps of translation are ______, ______, and _____.

A

initiation, elongation and termination

83
Q

this is the translaton ______ complex

A

initiation complex

note: Remember that chart

84
Q

______ is followed by AUG and stops at another AUG

A

RBS(ribosome binding site)

85
Q

the ______ of translation in prokaryotes

A

Initiation

Note: remember that picture below

86
Q

the ______ stage of translation

A

Elongation stage

Note: remember the picture below

87
Q

this is due to too many _____,

the picture showned below: A polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell.

A

mRNA

88
Q

_______ has a inducible that is activated by inducers lac operon and repressible operon which is transcribed continously until deactivated by repressors

A

operon

Note: remember those steps

89
Q

Lac operon encodes for ___1___, ___2___, and __3___

A
  1. LacX : lactose permease
  2. LacY : Beta galactosidase
  3. LacZ : role is unclear
90
Q

This picture shows Lac operon ______

A

repressed

Note: remember the entire steps

91
Q

This picture shows Lac operon ______

A

induced

Note: remember the entire steps

92
Q

This picture show below is _____ enchances Lac transcription

A

CAP-cAMP

Note: Remember those steps

93
Q

______ is when

High glucose -> low level of cAMP

Absent glucose -> high cAMP

A

CAP (Catabolite Activator Protein)

Biol3 (26 decks)

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