Exam 3: Microbial metabolism/growth Flashcards
_____ integral membrane protein are associated with flavin molecules (derivative of riboflavin) 1st membrane series
Flavoprotein
________ are usually Fe - S protein integral membrane protein Fe alternative between oxidized reduced state.
Metal containing protein
_______ small organic molecule are sandwich between the lipid bilayer (peripheral components) E.coli ->menaquinoue
Ubiquinone
_______ include both integral & peripheral proteins are made of heme + Fe protein
Cytochromes
OiL means
Oxidase involves Lose of electron
RiG means
Reduction involves in gain electron
_______ used by organisms that cannot respire (no oxygen usage) -atp synthesized during glycolysis only in low yeid -no kreb cycle or ETC -terminal electron acceptor ether pyruvate or derivative -function is to generate steady supply of NAD+ which recycled
Fermentation
Fermentation process of propionibacteriun is ______
Co2 propionic acid Swiss cheese
Fermentation process of aspergillus, lactobacillus and streptococcus is ______
Lactic Acid -cheddar cheese, yogurt and soy sauce
Fermentation of lactose is _____
Stable mixed Acid and unstable Acid to butandiol pathway
_______ removal of amine group as ammonia
Deamination
Metabolism _________ large molecules are made from smaller subunit, demands of input of enrgy (endogonic reaction)
anabolic
metabolism ______ breakdown of larger molecule into smaller subunit, releases energy due to ________ process (exogonic reaction)
catabolic
______ is energy can neither be cread nor destoryed but can converted into another form.
1st law of thermdynamics
How many high energy bond does ATP have?
2 high enrgy bond
_______ some of all chemical reaction inside cell
- they have a starting material intermediate and end product
- pathways can be linear,branched or cyclical
- pathways are tightly regulated,
- goes into catabolic and anabolic pathways
metabolism
_______ used in biosynthetic and breakdown pathways
enzymes
_______ chemicals necessary for metabolisms such as sulfer or glucose
nutrients
_________ sources from which erngy is derived
energy source
________ carry electrons from one location ot another
electron carriers
________ elementrary building blocks
precursor metabolites
________ is the breakdown of sugar molecules to produce energy
- pertains mainly to glucose metabolism; preferred enrgy source for cells
- released energy is trapped for ATP synthesis
carbohydrate metabolism
Two processes in carbohydrate catabolism
_______ complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and makes enormous amount of ATP
cellular respiration or just respiration
two processes in carbohydrate catabolism
________ partial oxidation of glucose; forms organic waste products and generates fewer ATP (compared to respiration)
fermentation
______ removeal of hydrogen atom (protion and electron)
dehydrogenation
______ removal of carbon di oxide
decarboxylation
_______ addition of phos phate group, which breaks down as substrate level, oxidative phosphorylatin and photophosphorylation
phosphorylation
________ are step common to both processes of glucose catabolism which oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid (3 carbon compound) in cytoplasm bacteria cell.
glycolysis
Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:
Step 1. This is the Transition reaction that links to glycolysis to _______ which acetyl coenzyme A synthesis from pyruvic acid cytoplasm.
kreb’s cycle
Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:
Step 2. In kreb’s cycle (aka tricarboxylic acid or citric acid cycle), oxidation of acetyl co-A to CO2 which occurs in cytoplasm and generates ______ & _______.
NADH & FADH2
Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:
Step 3. During ______, FADH2 and NADH oxidation a series of electron carriers, energy released is used to generate many ATP molecules, another word “oxidative phosphorylation”
electron transport chain (ETC)
_________ is the most productive stage of energy harvesting, that involves collection of membrane associated carriers. asymmetrically arranged and pass e- from one to another membrame, which is 2 classes of carriers.
- some only accepts e- from previous member
- other accept e- / H+ pair e- to next member H+ are pumped across membrane
electron transport chain (ETC)
the electron transport chain in ________, operates at the plasma membrane level which is the surrogate mitochondrin
prokaryotes
the electron transport chain in ________, operates at the inner mitochondrial membrane
eukaryotes
respiration: 2 types
______ uses oxygen, final electron accept is molecular oxygen.
aerobic
note: final electron acceptor is always an inorganic molecule in respiration.
respiration: 2 types
________ does not use oxygen, final electron acceptor is inorganic molecule other than molecular oxygen.
how? (REMEMBER)
- receptor carbonate/bicarbonate makes methane
- SO4/S2O3 -> H2S
- Nitrates e- -> nitrite ->NO->N2
anaerobic
electronchemical gradient across membrane that ______ modify forces/energy
proton
_______ term used when microbes are introduced into a medium to initiate growth (rich nutrient source)
inoculum
_______ growth of microoganism in a culture medium.
culture
_____ refers to microbial mutiplication; increase in number or population, (bacterial divsion not bacterial size)
growth
_______ is defined as nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganism in lab
culture medium
________ descendants of a single cell and separated from others
pure culture
Bacterial growth result in ______ is aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell.
colony
bacterial growth may result in _______, which is collection of surface microbes living in a complex community
biofilm
________ it must contain appropriate nutrients in proper proportion for specific microorganism.
–it should contain sufficient moisture and properly adjusted pH which should be maintained ( by buffer)
–it must contain a suitable level of oxygen and energy source (chemotrophs)
–it must be sterile to begin with; not contaminated from start
–temperature should be maintained constant for growing cultures
culture medium
Growth requirements are ____1__ factors and __2___ factors
- physical factors
- chemical factors
______ factors are environmental factor which uses energy sunlight sources as A-Mosis such as temperature, pH, light and osmosis and osmotic pressure.
physical factors
______ factors are nutritional factor which are acquire active or passive process.
chemical factors
In Chemical factor, the nutrient uptake for substances movements is from a region of high concentration to low concentration, no expenditure of cellular energy example of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or movement H2O molecule (osmosis) is called _______
passive process
In chemical factor, nutrient uptake functions when bacteria are in low nutrient enviornment and transported against concentration gradient, there is expenditure of cellular energy, example is active transport and group translocation is called ________
active process
_______ small or lipid soluble substances easily moves down concentration gradient, movement continues until equilibrium is reached, example: CO2, O2, alcohol, small fatty acid chain, lipid soluble compound
simple diffusion
_____ used by molecules unable to diffuse or fails to dissolve across lipid bilayer, use channel proteins, example: Urea, Glycerol and some vitamin
facilitated diffusion
________ involves substances movement from outside to inside, against concentration gradient, substances that across membrane is not altered.
active transport
_______ cells picks substance even through they are in low concentration outside than inside, substance altered during transport, prevents from leveing the cell
group translocation
______ utilization by the phosphotransferase system purine, pyrimidines and long chain fatty acids transport
glucose
________ lowest temperature at which species will grow; slow metabolism
minimum growth temperature
_______ species grows best at this temperature; fastest growth metabolic activity/reaction are most effective.
optimum growth temperature
________ highest temperature at which growth is possible, though slow growth
maximum growth temperature
_______ goes up will destory or denature by breaking H2 bonds and goes below causes new H2 bonds to form
proteins temperature
______ goes high makes the membrane more fluids and causes content to leak out and goes low make membrane rigid and fragile
lipid temperature
Majority of human pathogens belongs to _______
is the moderate temperature loving microbes optimum temperature variable ( between 20 - 40 C)
- optimum temperature for growth of most pathogen is close to that of host
- clinical incubators and human pathogens 37C
Mesophiles
_______ can survive brief high temp during inadequate pasteurization and canning
example: Mycobacterium leprae (armadillo) and treponema (rabbit)
Thermoduric mesophiles
Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor
I. ________: preferred pH range, from 6.5 – 7.5; internal cell pH is neutral
Ex: majority of pathogenic bacteria
Neutrophiles
Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor
II. ________: optimum pH below 5.5; preferred by many fungi
Ex: Thiobacillus ferroxidans, grows between 0 - 2 pH (obligate acidophiles)
- oxidizes S compounds for energy
Acidophiles
Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor
III. ______: optimum pH above 8.5
Ex: Vibrio cholerae
- found in alkaline soils and lakes
Alkalinophiles
________ : net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
- movement is from area of high solvent to an area of low solvent concentration
Osmosis
_________: pressure exerted on membrane by solutes in solution
Osmotic pressure
A bacteria ______ (salt tolerant) can tolerate upto 20% salt
cause pimples, sties, boils etc
- life threatening toxic shock syndrome
staphylococcus aureus
the 6 keys for _______ factors are water, trace elements, nitrogen sulfer phosphorous, growth factors, carbon and energy and oxygen
chemical factors
___ transport in blood from liver to bone marrow, if ___ is in blood stream, are more prone to bacteria
Fe
_______, required in small amount ( Cu, Zn,Co, Mb, Se), acts as cofactor for enzymes.
Sterile tap water is preferred over distilled water
- contains sufficient amount of ions and satisfies nutrient req.
Trace elements ( aka Micronutrient )
_______ used for building blocks, transport processes and moltility.
uses sunlight (phototrophs)
and metabolism of chemical compounds (chemotrophs)
energy source
______ are inorganic carbon (autotrophs) and organic compounds (heterotrophs)
carbon source
________ are highly reactive, toxic, metabolic product found in cytoplasm
- are neutralized by superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Superoxide radicals ( O2-)
______ are active components of many antimicrobial agents
- toxic peroxide (generated during normal metabolism) is neutralized by Catalase
Hydrogen peroxide and peroxide anion (O22-)
______ use a reducing agent; don’t form water
Peroxidase
Role of vitamins ___ and ___ Acts as antioxidants; provide electrons that reduces toxic forms of oxygen
E and C
oxygen requirements in ______ respiration produce more energy and growth, such as obligate aerobes, microaerophiles and facultative aerobic
aerobic
oxygen requirement in _______/_______ produce less energy and growth which are obligate anaerobes and aerotolerant
anaerobic/fermentation
_________ Ex: Pseudomonas aeroginosa
SOD or catalase: abundance
Obligate aerobes:
_______: Ex: Helicobacter pylorii (tolerant to 2-10 % O2
SOD or catalase limited amount and so have limited ability to detoxify
Microaerophiles
_______: Ex: E.coli
SOD or catalase moderate level
Facultative anaerobes
_______: Ex: Clostridium and Bacteroides sps
SOD or catalase absent; intolerant to oxygen; it’s lethal
Obligate anaerobes
_______: aka obligate fermenters Ex: Strep pyogenes, Lactobacillus sps
SOD or catalase little amount but don’t use O2 for energy harvesting process
Aerotolerant
•__________ : is one whose exact chemical composition is known
–has all required nutrients ( glucose, salts) for the target microbe(s)
–may contain vitamins / amino acids in known quantity
Chemically defined medium (simple / synthetic)
•_______ : is one whose exact composition is unknown ( peptones?)
- nutrients are derived from soy, yeast or beef extract / partial digests
- vitamins and organic growth factors are provided by the extract
Complex medium
____ are complex polysaccharide, derived from marine algae
- has no nutritive value; few microbes can degrade it
- used at a 1.5 - 1.55% final concentration (high concentration ?)
- dissolves at 100°C and solidifies at 45°C (heat labile nutrients, add later)
- agar is translucent and makes easier to visualize colonies
Agar
___1_____: have components that inhibit growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of desired microorganism
is the cocktail of antimicrobial agent that encourage Gram (-) diplococci gonorrea and inhibits growth of all gram (+) rods and cocci also Gram (-) rods.
___2_____ H2O for N. gonorrea isolation forum clinical samples
____3______ contain high salt and sugar with low pH supports fungal growth good for fungi isolation
- Selective media
- Thayer Martin media
- sabouraud’s media
_______: designed for easier detection and isolation of microorganism of interest from others growing on the same plate
- often a particular trait of the microbe is exploited.
Ex: Blood agar and hemolysin
Differential media
______ medium contain sheep, chicken, rabbit, horse, donkeys blood (never human blood)
blood agar
In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis due to secretion of alpha hedysin exotoxin incomple destruction RBC
alpha
In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis complete destuction of RBC’s halo around the cells Beta hemolysin exotoxin
Beta hemolysis
In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis no effect on RBC’s it target lymphocytes instead
gamma hemolysis
In anaerobic growth media, uses ________ to absorbs all avaible oxygen and it makes it unavaible for anaerobic growth
sodium thioglycollate
________: are usually used in clinical settings
Ensures
i. individuals are not infected
ii. specimen not contaminated and cells are kept alive
- Media contains buffer and absorbents
- Buffers are critical to keep cell’s healthy and to maintain ratios of different microbes in specimen
- Absorbents “soaks up” wastes generated so that it’s not toxic to cells
Transport media
_______: have components that favors the isolation of specific bacteria from low level to detectable levels.
Vibrio cholerae and cold enrichment
Enrichment media
_______ are for M. leprae and Treponema sps in animals
Chlamydia and Rickettsias
- birds eggs and cell culture are used to cultivate these
Animal cell cultures
_______ is use of CO2 incubators and candle jars
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: capnophile and corn starch
Low oxygen culture:
______ aka population doubling time, time it taken for bacterial cell to double it size.
gerneration time (GT)
______ ( harmful) Virus “killing” of host cell following replication
Antagonistic
______ (beneficial) is symbiotic or complex
Synergistic
________: organisms lives in close contact ( physically or nutritionally); individually are interdependent
Ex: E.coli inhabitation of intestine
Symbiotic relationship
_______ (aka. biofilm) are cooperative; benefits are amplified
In humans, biofilms plays a major role in 65% of infections
Ex: microbes of different species are attached to tooth surface, mucous membrane of intestine and other body areas
Complex relationship
______ are observed in Households such as
Industry: microbes accumulation in pipes, drains and cooling towers
Nature: slipperiness of rocks
Health: prostatitis, kidney infection, otitis media, cystic fibrosis and infections associated with medical device implantation ( catheters, heart valves, contact lenses, IUD, prosthetic joints etc)
- reservoir of pathogen(s) for recurring infections
- are formed on surfaces that are in contact with fluids
Cooperative interactions allows species to grow which wouldn’t have grown in the 1st place
Ex : O2 utilization and anaerobic bacterial growth in mouth
Biofilms
______ develops as an slimy matrix which
allows cells as well as the biofilm to attach
Matrix is made of,
- DNA
- proteins
- fibers of glycocalyces
Biofilms
_______ (with associated matrix ) protects members from environmental stress ( uv radiation), antimicrobial drugs including antibiotics, pH alterations, temperature and humidity changes
concentrate and conserve digestive enzymes
Additionally, often are protected from immune attack due to the matrix; challenge for medical treatment
Biofilm
_______ is the communication between members
- cells responds to neighboring cell’s density and secretes molecules
Quorum sensing
________ When large # of cells leaves the biofilm and disseminate
- cells have the potential to form biofilms distally
Cystic fibrosis patients and Pseudomonas sps
Planktonic showers
