Exam 3: Microbial metabolism/growth Flashcards
1
Q
_____ integral membrane protein are associated with flavin molecules (derivative of riboflavin) 1st membrane series
A
Flavoprotein
2
Q
________ are usually Fe - S protein integral membrane protein Fe alternative between oxidized reduced state.
A
Metal containing protein
3
Q
_______ small organic molecule are sandwich between the lipid bilayer (peripheral components) E.coli ->menaquinoue
A
Ubiquinone
4
Q
_______ include both integral & peripheral proteins are made of heme + Fe protein
A
Cytochromes
5
Q
OiL means
A
Oxidase involves Lose of electron
6
Q
RiG means
A
Reduction involves in gain electron
7
Q
_______ used by organisms that cannot respire (no oxygen usage) -atp synthesized during glycolysis only in low yeid -no kreb cycle or ETC -terminal electron acceptor ether pyruvate or derivative -function is to generate steady supply of NAD+ which recycled
A
Fermentation
8
Q
Fermentation process of propionibacteriun is ______
A
Co2 propionic acid Swiss cheese
9
Q
Fermentation process of aspergillus, lactobacillus and streptococcus is ______
A
Lactic Acid -cheddar cheese, yogurt and soy sauce
10
Q
Fermentation of lactose is _____
A
Stable mixed Acid and unstable Acid to butandiol pathway
11
Q
_______ removal of amine group as ammonia
A
Deamination
12
Q
Metabolism _________ large molecules are made from smaller subunit, demands of input of enrgy (endogonic reaction)
A
anabolic
13
Q
metabolism ______ breakdown of larger molecule into smaller subunit, releases energy due to ________ process (exogonic reaction)
A
catabolic
14
Q
______ is energy can neither be cread nor destoryed but can converted into another form.
A
1st law of thermdynamics
15
Q
How many high energy bond does ATP have?
A
2 high enrgy bond
16
Q
_______ some of all chemical reaction inside cell
- they have a starting material intermediate and end product
- pathways can be linear,branched or cyclical
- pathways are tightly regulated,
- goes into catabolic and anabolic pathways
A
metabolism
17
Q
_______ used in biosynthetic and breakdown pathways
A
enzymes
18
Q
_______ chemicals necessary for metabolisms such as sulfer or glucose
A
nutrients
19
Q
_________ sources from which erngy is derived
A
energy source
20
Q
________ carry electrons from one location ot another
A
electron carriers
21
Q
________ elementrary building blocks
A
precursor metabolites
22
Q
________ is the breakdown of sugar molecules to produce energy
- pertains mainly to glucose metabolism; preferred enrgy source for cells
- released energy is trapped for ATP synthesis
A
carbohydrate metabolism
23
Q
Two processes in carbohydrate catabolism
_______ complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and makes enormous amount of ATP
A
cellular respiration or just respiration
24
Q
two processes in carbohydrate catabolism
________ partial oxidation of glucose; forms organic waste products and generates fewer ATP (compared to respiration)
A
fermentation
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_ removeal of hydrogen atom (protion and electron)
dehydrogenation
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_ removal of carbon di oxide
decarboxylation
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ addition of phos phate group, which breaks down as substrate level, oxidative phosphorylatin and photophosphorylation
phosphorylation
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are step common to both processes of glucose catabolism which oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid (3 carbon compound) in cytoplasm bacteria cell.
glycolysis
29
_Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:_
Step 1. This is the Transition reaction that links to glycolysis to _______ which acetyl coenzyme A synthesis from pyruvic acid cytoplasm.
kreb's cycle
30
_Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:_
Step 2. In kreb's cycle (aka tricarboxylic acid or citric acid cycle), oxidation of acetyl co-A to CO2 which occurs in cytoplasm and generates ______ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
NADH & FADH2
31
_Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:_
Step 3. During \_\_\_\_\_\_, FADH2 and NADH oxidation a series of electron carriers, energy released is used to generate many ATP molecules, another word "oxidative phosphorylation"
electron transport chain (ETC)
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most productive stage of energy harvesting, that involves collection of membrane associated carriers. asymmetrically arranged and pass e- from one to another membrame, which is 2 classes of carriers.
1. some only accepts e- from previous member
2. other accept e- / H+ pair e- to next member H+ are pumped across membrane
electron transport chain (ETC)
33
the electron transport chain in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, operates at the plasma membrane level which is the surrogate mitochondrin
prokaryotes
34
the electron transport chain in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, operates at the inner mitochondrial membrane
eukaryotes
35
_respiration: 2 types_
\_\_\_\_\_\_ uses oxygen, final electron accept is molecular oxygen.
aerobic
## Footnote
note: final electron acceptor is always an inorganic molecule in respiration.
36
_respiration: 2 types_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ does not use oxygen, final electron acceptor is inorganic molecule other than molecular oxygen.
how? (REMEMBER)
1. receptor carbonate/bicarbonate makes methane
2. SO4/S2O3 -\> H2S
3. Nitrates e- -\> nitrite -\>NO-\>N2
anaerobic
37
electronchemical gradient across membrane that ______ modify forces/energy
proton
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ term used when microbes are introduced into a medium to initiate growth (rich nutrient source)
inoculum
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ growth of microoganism in a culture medium.
culture
40
\_\_\_\_\_ refers to microbial mutiplication; increase in number or population, (bacterial divsion not bacterial size)
growth
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is defined as nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganism in lab
culture medium
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ descendants of a single cell and separated from others
pure culture
43
Bacterial growth result in ______ is aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell.
colony
44
bacterial growth may result in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is collection of surface microbes living in a complex community
biofilm
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ it must contain appropriate nutrients in proper proportion for specific microorganism.
–it should contain sufficient moisture and properly adjusted pH which should be maintained ( by buffer)
–it must contain a suitable level of oxygen and energy source (chemotrophs)
–it must be sterile to begin with; not contaminated from start
–temperature should be maintained constant for growing cultures
culture medium
46
Growth requirements are \_\_\_\_1\_\_ factors and \_\_2\_\_\_ factors
1. physical factors
2. chemical factors
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_ factors are environmental factor which uses energy sunlight sources as A-Mosis such as temperature, pH, light and osmosis and osmotic pressure.
physical factors
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_ factors are nutritional factor which are acquire active or passive process.
chemical factors
49
In Chemical factor, the nutrient uptake for substances movements is from a region of high concentration to low concentration, no expenditure of cellular energy example of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or movement H2O molecule (osmosis) is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
passive process
50
In chemical factor, nutrient uptake functions when bacteria are in low nutrient enviornment and transported against concentration gradient, there is expenditure of cellular energy, example is active transport and group translocation is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
active process
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ small or lipid soluble substances easily moves down concentration gradient, movement continues until equilibrium is reached, example: CO2, O2, alcohol, small fatty acid chain, lipid soluble compound
simple diffusion
52
\_\_\_\_\_ used by molecules unable to diffuse or fails to dissolve across lipid bilayer, use channel proteins, example: Urea, Glycerol and some vitamin
facilitated diffusion
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves substances movement from outside to inside, against concentration gradient, substances that across membrane is not altered.
active transport
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells picks substance even through they are in low concentration outside than inside, substance altered during transport, prevents from leveing the cell
group translocation
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_ utilization by the phosphotransferase system purine, pyrimidines and long chain fatty acids transport
glucose
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lowest temperature at which species will grow; slow metabolism
minimum growth temperature
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ species grows best at this temperature; fastest growth metabolic activity/reaction are most effective.
optimum growth temperature
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ highest temperature at which growth is possible, though slow growth
maximum growth temperature
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ goes up will destory or denature by breaking H2 bonds and goes below causes new H2 bonds to form
proteins temperature
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_ goes high makes the membrane more fluids and causes content to leak out and goes low make membrane rigid and fragile
lipid temperature
61
Majority of human pathogens belongs to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
is the moderate temperature loving microbes optimum temperature variable ( between 20 - 40 C)
- optimum temperature for growth of most pathogen is close to that of host
- clinical incubators and human pathogens 37C
Mesophiles
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can survive brief high temp during inadequate pasteurization and canning
example: Mycobacterium leprae (armadillo) and treponema (rabbit)
Thermoduric mesophiles
63
_Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor_
I. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: preferred pH range, from 6.5 – 7.5; internal cell pH is neutral
Ex: majority of pathogenic bacteria
Neutrophiles
64
_Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor_
II. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: optimum pH below 5.5; preferred by many fungi
Ex: Thiobacillus ferroxidans, grows between 0 - 2 pH (obligate acidophiles)
- oxidizes S compounds for energy
Acidophiles
65
_Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor_
III. \_\_\_\_\_\_: optimum pH above 8.5
Ex: Vibrio cholerae
- found in alkaline soils and lakes
Alkalinophiles
66
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
- movement is from area of high solvent to an area of low solvent concentration
Osmosis
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: pressure exerted on membrane by solutes in solution
Osmotic pressure
68
A bacteria ______ (salt tolerant) can tolerate upto 20% salt
cause pimples, sties, boils etc
- life threatening toxic shock syndrome
staphylococcus aureus
69
the 6 keys for _______ factors are water, trace elements, nitrogen sulfer phosphorous, growth factors, carbon and energy and oxygen
chemical factors
70
\_\_\_ transport in blood from liver to bone marrow, if ___ is in blood stream, are more prone to bacteria
Fe
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, required in small amount ( Cu, Zn,Co, Mb, Se), acts as cofactor for enzymes.
Sterile tap water is preferred over distilled water
- contains sufficient amount of ions and satisfies nutrient req.
Trace elements ( aka Micronutrient )
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ used for building blocks, transport processes and moltility.
uses sunlight (phototrophs)
and metabolism of chemical compounds (chemotrophs)
energy source
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are inorganic carbon (autotrophs) and organic compounds (heterotrophs)
carbon source
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are highly reactive, toxic, metabolic product found in cytoplasm
- are neutralized by superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Superoxide radicals ( O2-)
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are active components of many antimicrobial agents
- toxic peroxide (generated during normal metabolism) is neutralized by Catalase
Hydrogen peroxide and peroxide anion (O22-)
76
\_\_\_\_\_\_ use a reducing agent; don’t form water
Peroxidase
77
Role of vitamins ___ and ___ Acts as antioxidants; provide electrons that reduces toxic forms of oxygen
E and C
78
oxygen requirements in ______ respiration produce more energy and growth, such as obligate aerobes, microaerophiles and facultative aerobic
aerobic
79
oxygen requirement in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ produce less energy and growth which are obligate anaerobes and aerotolerant
anaerobic/fermentation
80
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ex: Pseudomonas aeroginosa
SOD or catalase: abundance
Obligate aerobes:
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Ex: Helicobacter pylorii (tolerant to 2-10 % O2
SOD or catalase limited amount and so have limited ability to detoxify
Microaerophiles
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Ex: E.coli
SOD or catalase moderate level
Facultative anaerobes
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Ex: Clostridium and Bacteroides sps
SOD or catalase absent; intolerant to oxygen; it’s lethal
Obligate anaerobes
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: aka obligate fermenters Ex: Strep pyogenes, Lactobacillus sps
SOD or catalase little amount but don’t use O2 for energy harvesting process
Aerotolerant
85
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : is one whose exact chemical composition is known
–has all required nutrients ( glucose, salts) for the target microbe(s)
–may contain vitamins / amino acids in known quantity
Chemically defined medium (simple / synthetic)
86
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : is one whose exact composition is unknown ( peptones?)
- nutrients are derived from soy, yeast or beef extract / partial digests
- vitamins and organic growth factors are provided by the extract
Complex medium
87
\_\_\_\_ are complex polysaccharide, derived from marine algae
- has no nutritive value; few microbes can degrade it
- used at a 1.5 - 1.55% final concentration (high concentration ?)
- dissolves at 100°C and solidifies at 45°C (heat labile nutrients, add later)
- agar is translucent and makes easier to visualize colonies
Agar
88
\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_\_: have components that inhibit growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of desired microorganism
is the cocktail of antimicrobial agent that encourage Gram (-) diplococci gonorrea and inhibits growth of all gram (+) rods and cocci also Gram (-) rods.
\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_\_ H2O for N. gonorrea isolation forum clinical samples
\_\_\_\_3\_\_\_\_\_\_ contain high salt and sugar with low pH supports fungal growth good for fungi isolation
1. Selective media
2. Thayer Martin media
3. sabouraud's media
89
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: designed for easier detection and isolation of microorganism of interest from others growing on the same plate
- often a particular trait of the microbe is exploited.
Ex: Blood agar and hemolysin
Differential media
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_ medium contain sheep, chicken, rabbit, horse, donkeys blood (never human blood)
blood agar
91
In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis due to secretion of alpha hedysin exotoxin incomple destruction RBC
alpha
92
In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis complete destuction of RBC's halo around the cells Beta hemolysin exotoxin
Beta hemolysis
93
In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis no effect on RBC's it target lymphocytes instead
gamma hemolysis
94
In anaerobic growth media, uses ________ to absorbs all avaible oxygen and it makes it unavaible for anaerobic growth
sodium thioglycollate
95
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: are usually used in clinical settings
Ensures
i. individuals are not infected
ii. specimen not contaminated and cells are kept alive
- Media contains buffer and absorbents
- Buffers are critical to keep cell’s healthy and to maintain ratios of different microbes in specimen
- Absorbents “soaks up” wastes generated so that it’s not toxic to cells
Transport media
96
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: have components that favors the isolation of specific bacteria from low level to detectable levels.
Vibrio cholerae and cold enrichment
Enrichment media
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are for M. leprae and Treponema sps in animals
Chlamydia and Rickettsias
- birds eggs and cell culture are used to cultivate these
Animal cell cultures
98
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is use of CO2 incubators and candle jars
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: capnophile and corn starch
Low oxygen culture:
99
\_\_\_\_\_\_ aka population doubling time, time it taken for bacterial cell to double it size.
gerneration time (GT)
100
\_\_\_\_\_\_ ( harmful) Virus “killing” of host cell following replication
Antagonistic
101
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (beneficial) is symbiotic or complex
Synergistic
102
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: organisms lives in close contact ( physically or nutritionally); individually are interdependent
Ex: E.coli inhabitation of intestine
Symbiotic relationship
103
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (aka. biofilm) are cooperative; benefits are amplified
In humans, biofilms plays a major role in 65% of infections
Ex: microbes of different species are attached to tooth surface, mucous membrane of intestine and other body areas
Complex relationship
104
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are observed in Households such as
Industry: microbes accumulation in pipes, drains and cooling towers
Nature: slipperiness of rocks
Health: prostatitis, kidney infection, otitis media, cystic fibrosis and infections associated with medical device implantation ( catheters, heart valves, contact lenses, IUD, prosthetic joints etc)
- reservoir of pathogen(s) for recurring infections
- are formed on surfaces that are in contact with fluids
Cooperative interactions allows species to grow which wouldn’t have grown in the 1st place
Ex : O2 utilization and anaerobic bacterial growth in mouth
Biofilms
105
\_\_\_\_\_\_ develops as an slimy matrix which
allows cells as well as the biofilm to attach
Matrix is made of,
- DNA
- proteins
- fibers of glycocalyces
Biofilms
106
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (with associated matrix ) protects members from environmental stress ( uv radiation), antimicrobial drugs including antibiotics, pH alterations, temperature and humidity changes
concentrate and conserve digestive enzymes
Additionally, often are protected from immune attack due to the matrix; challenge for medical treatment
Biofilm
107
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the communication between members
- cells responds to neighboring cell’s density and secretes molecules
Quorum sensing
108
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ When large # of cells leaves the biofilm and disseminate
- cells have the potential to form biofilms distally
Cystic fibrosis patients and Pseudomonas sps
Planktonic showers
