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Biol3 > Final exam: Antibiotics > Flashcards

Final exam: Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

_______ Substance produced naturally in minute quantity by some microbes that has the potency to inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.

A

Antibiotics

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2
Q

______ : an agent that affects physiology

A

drug

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3
Q

________ antimicrobial agent part synthesized in lab and part synthesized in microbe.

Ex: doxycycline, methcillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin

A

Semisynthetic antibiotic

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4
Q

the Advantages of ___1____

  1. is more affective against Gram negative bacteria cell,(Compared to gram postive)
  2. longer lasting with extended half life,
  3. easier to adminstor (compared to the natural ____1___)
A

1.antibiotics

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5
Q

______ antimicrobial agent synthesized in laboratory.

Ex: Isoniazid, sulfa drugs

A

Synthetic drug:

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6
Q

_______ is the trademark for isonictinic acid which is effective against M. tuberculosis

A

isoniazid

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7
Q

______ mode of actions, Plasma membrane injury: disruption of it’s function / integrity

A

Antibiotics mode of actions

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8
Q

______ mode of actions, Inhibition of cell wall synthesis : targets peptidoglycan

A

Antibiotics mode of actions

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9
Q

______ mode of actions, Blocking protein synthesis: due to structural differences of ribosomes (70S vs 80S)

A

Antibiotics mode of actions

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10
Q

______ mode of actions, Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition: targets enzymes

A

Antibiotics mode of actions

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11
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents is ______, harm the microbe without significant damage to the host, shouldn’t be influenced by food or disease status

A

Selective toxicity

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12
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents has ________, which means lowest dose toxic to the patient divided by High Tl and Low Tl.

A

Therapeutic index

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13
Q

Therapeutic index of _______ is less toxic to patients because they target unque structure point of bacteria cell.

A

High Tl

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14
Q

Therapeutic index of _______, need to be monitored carefully so does not to react toxic level

A

Low Tl

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15
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be _______, be able to penetrate host tissue and reach microbial colony and must be effective at low, non toxic concentration to host

A

bio-available

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16
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ether ___1___, which stop bacteria growth then they are eliminated and ___2___ refer to bacteriolytic which also kills bacteria cell

A
  1. bacteriostatic
  2. Cidal
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17
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ______, should be stable in body fluids and exhibit therapeutic effect,

  • not degraded by stomach acids
  • antibiotics prone to inactivation in gastric environment should be given via i v / i m route
A

Stability

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18
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ______, drug action on various pathogens that varies, either broad or narrow spectrum

A

Spectrum of activity

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19
Q

Spectrum of activity of ______, agent targets microbes(Gram negative) from both taxonomic groups of bacteria which is critical in many life threatening situations

A

board spectrum

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20
Q

Spectrum of activity of ______, Disadvantages which they disturb normal microflora which normal flora prevents pathogen colonization, competiting for space attachment site nutrients O2 available. which causes super infection ; opens doors to transient pathogens

A

board spectrum

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21
Q

Spectrum of activity of ______, when antimicrobial action is limited to few microbe sps

Ex: Isoniazid affects only Mycobacterium sps and vancomycin

A

Narrow spectrum

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22
Q

Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties, if you have bacteria infection of the brain or eyes, its a challege to treat because of the __________.

A

blood brain barrier (BBB)

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23
Q

Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties. Antibiotics that are quickly remove by the _____ are good choice for treatment bacterial infection of bladder or urinary/urogen system

A

kidney

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24
Q

______ time it takes to eliminate one half of the original antibiotic dose in serum

  • some antibiotics ( like Penicillin is 6 hours) have short half life
  • additionally liver dysfunction / kidney disease, dose needs to be adjusted accordingly becos associated with slow metabolism and excretion of the drug
A

Half life

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25
Q

Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ is a two drugs given simultaneously, antimicrobial effect is greater than either given alone

  • Ex:
    • Streptomycin(enter easily composition of urine)
    • penicillin(weaken the cell wall)
A

synergism

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26
Q

Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ contains sulfomethoxazole and trimethoprim which is given for UTI and AIDS patents

A

Septra/bactrim

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27
Q

Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______, is a two drugs when given simultaneously, their action interfere with each other

  • Ex:
    • Tetracycline ( bacteriostatic)
    • penicillin ( bacteriocidal, acts on growing cells, disrupting peptidoglycan) which means pushing and pulling
A

Antagonism

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28
Q

_______ drug combination that are neither antagonistic nor synergistic in action

A

additive

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29
Q

Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as _______, e.g. penicillin allergy 300 deaths / year; with fever, rash and / or anaphylactic shock

A

trigger of allergic reactions:

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30
Q

Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as ______, though selective toxicity such as ciprofloxacilin which is limited use in pregnant women and children. it affects cartilage development

A

exhibit toxic effects

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31
Q

______(Last Choice) causes aplastic anemia

A

chloramphenicol

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32
Q

______ (First Aid ointment) toxic to kidneys; so not useful for systemic use

A

polymyxin B :

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33
Q

______ forms Calcium complex, limits availability

A

tetracycline

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34
Q

_______ impairs balancing sense ; may cause irreversible deafness

A

streptomycin

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35
Q

disruption of the normal flora as in antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis, vaginitis and thrush is due to colonization by _______.

A

clostridum difficle

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36
Q

_______secretes toxins target intestinal epithial cells which becomes pseudomembrane patches that is made of dead cells, pus inflammation and clotted blood

A

clostridum difficle

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37
Q

_______ colonizes intestines of individual whose normal microflora being eliminated or distruped by antimicrobial chemotherapy (cramps, blood diarria)

A

clostridum difficle

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38
Q

yellow or green color ish on the teeth is cause by ______

A

tetracycline

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39
Q

_______ is due to hemoglobin breakdown product deposited on tongue papillal which is due to metronidazole intakes

A

black hairy tongue

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40
Q

Route of administration:can be via external or internal route such as ___1___: applied on skin directly and __2_____ administered via orally or intramuscularly

A
  1. Topical / local application
  2. Internal
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41
Q

Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ simple, no needle or provider’s help

  • Disadvantage: don’t follow time table
A

Orally

42
Q

Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ slow diffusion via blood vessels

  • Disadvantage: high concentration can’t be achieved
A

Intramuscularly:

43
Q

Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ via needle or catheter can attain high concentration for limited time, directly to blood stream into liver

A

Intravascular

44
Q

Antibiotic safety:prescribing antibiotic often involves assessing risk and benefits in the term of _______

A

therapeutic index

45
Q

Often, another drug use may have a toxic effect that is not there when the _____ is taken alone Also, one drug may neutralize the intended effect of the other

A

1st drug (meaning 1 drug at a time)

46
Q

few antibiotics dampens effectiveness of contraceptive pills hypersensitivity towards ______

A

penicillin antibiotic

47
Q

______ should be given antibiotics that are considered safe as recommended by FDA. there should be no / minimal risk to the developing fetus

A

Pregnant women

48
Q

Plasma Membrane Injury mediated mainly by the ________ antibiotics

A

polypeptide

49
Q

_____ binds to the cell phospholipids; disrupts membrane structure alters membrane permeability cellulor content leak out and die

  • limited to topical applications
A

Polymixin B

50
Q

____: inserted into bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, which is useful in treatment of some Gr (+) ve bacteria resistant to other drugs ; not so effective against Gr (-)ve bacteria( because of the outermembrane)

A

Daptomycin

51
Q

Cell wall acting antibiotics to ______ and ____

A

B-lactam and Non-Blactam

52
Q

Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, ______ to penicillin group

A

lactamase sensitive

53
Q

Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, ______, to semisynthetic penicillins, cephaloporins, monobactams and carbepenemes

A

lactamse resistant

54
Q

Cell wall acting antibiotics of ________ are vancomycin, cycloserine and bacitracin

A

Non B-lactam

55
Q

______: have narrow spectrum of activity, unstable in stomach acid environment; in contrast Pen V is stable and better absorbed

A

Natural penicillins

56
Q

________ have broader specificity, have improved coverage and effectiveness against a wide range of organisms, including most streptococcal and staphylococcal species, aerobic gram-negative organisms, and many anaerobic organisms

A

Semisynthetic penicillins

57
Q

______s are susceptible to penicillinase (β lactamase) which cleaves the β lactam ring ; antibiotic is inactivated and bacteria grows in the presence of antibiotic

A

Natural penicillin

58
Q

______ interferes with the lnking enzymes and NAM subunits remain unttached to their neighbors, then the cell burst from osmotic pressure because the integrity of peptidoglycan is not maintained.

A

pencillin

59
Q

Non β lactams of ______ binds to terminal amino acid of the tetrapeptide chain

  • prevents cross linking ; weakens cell wall
  • not effective against Gram (-)ve bacterial cells
  • poorly absorbed
A

Vancomycin

60
Q

Non β lactams of ______ inhibits peptidoglycan precursors (NAG and NAM)

  • transport across membrane
  • toxic, restricted for topical applications (first aid ointment)
A

Bacitracin

61
Q

Non β lactams of ______ interfere with ala- ala bridge in Gr (+)ve bacteria cells if it lacks alanine amino acids

A

Cycloserine

62
Q

_______ inhibits RNA synthesis binds and blocks prokaryotic RNA polymerase activity, Effective against Mycobacterium

A

Rifamycins :

63
Q

___1____ and ____2___ :Inhibits DNA gyrase ( relieves strain caused by local uncoiling ) Effective against UTI pathogens and anthrax

  • limited use in children and pregnant women’s

Ex: Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacillin and moxifloxacilin

A
  1. Quinolones
  2. fluoroquinolones
64
Q

_______ ( Flagyl TM ) interferes with DNA synthesis and function selective toxicity only in anaerobic microorganisms becos active form binds to DNA used to treat bacterial vaginosis and C. difficle associated diseases

A

Metronidazole

65
Q

______: a substance that prevents a cell from carrying it’s normal metabolic reaction, are structurally similar to normal used molecules

A

Antimetabolite

66
Q

______ Functions in 2 ways:

  • competitive inhibition of enzymes
    • Ex: sulfanilamide and other sulfa drugs
  • –by being erroneously incorporated into molecules like nucleic acids
    • Ex: azidothymidine ( we’ll discuss later in HIV drugs )
A

Antimetabolite

67
Q

antibiotics _____1__ Acquired ability to resist or block antibiotic action to which it is normally susceptible less drug used, controls evolution of ___1____ development

A
  1. resistance
68
Q

How resistance is acquired and types ? _____

  • mutation in chromosomal genes
  • modification of the target site of antibiotic action
A

chromosomal resistance

69
Q

How resistance is acquired and types ? _____ mainly due to R plasmids

A

extrachromosomal resistance :

70
Q

________ code for enzymes that chemically modify the antibiotics

A

R Plasmid

71
Q

________ carry 6-7 genes ; each confers resistance to different antibiotics, they can be transferred / acquired by one of the many genetic exchange processes (transduction or conjugation)

A

R Plasmid

72
Q

How resistance is acquired and types ?_______ microorganism gets sequestered from antibiotics often temporary change ( loss of cell wall ) renders them non susceptible to antibiotic action

A

non-genetic resistance

73
Q

_______ consequences, prolongs infection

A

Antibiotic Resistance

74
Q

_______ consequences, delays recovery time, increases hospital and health care costs

A

antibiotic resistance

75
Q

_______ consequences, needs more expensive and less effective toxic medications to cure infection

A

Antibiotic Resistance

76
Q

_______ consequences,

causes higher mortality rates

A

Antibiotic Resistance

77
Q

________ is longitudinal evolution, due to mutation in chromosomal DNA and advantageous to bacteria for survival

A

vertical evolution

78
Q

________ is lateral evolution, due to R plasmid

A

horizontal evolution

79
Q

The enzyme for penicilin to penicillionic is _____

A

B lactamase/penicillinase

80
Q

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that inactivation or destruction of the drug is ______

A

β lactamase

81
Q

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Prevent antibiotic from reaching it’s target site / decreased uptake is Alteration of the membrane transport ________.

A

proteins/porins

82
Q

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Alteration of drug target site / enzyme is ____1____.and ___2___ Ex. DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Enzymes, Ex.DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
83
Q

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Rapid efflux of the drug, which Pumps the drug out of the cell before it can become _______

A

effective

84
Q

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Development of alternate biochemical pathways common amongst the _______resistant strains which abandon sensitive steps

A

sulfonamide

85
Q

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance are Survival and multiplication of a _____ variety

A

mutant

86
Q

Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistanc is the Use of antibiotic should be _______

A

restricted

87
Q

Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance is the _______ should be performed prior to initiation of antibiotic treatment

A

Sensitivity tests

88
Q

Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Full course of antibiotic treatment should be ________

A

followed

89
Q

Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Use of left over or someone’s else antibiotics should be strongly _______

A

discouraged

90
Q

Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that Educating general public about antibiotics use and their _______

A

advantages

91
Q

Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance which is Indiscriminate use should be ______ ( combination with alcoholic drinks, coffee and narcotics )

A

curtailed

92
Q

PABA that goes through _____ into two pathway

E1, E2, E3 to folic acid

e1, e2, e3 to folic acid (this one is not susceptible)

A

sulfadrug

93
Q

This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into other breakdown product to ______ product

A

minor

94
Q

This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, ______ product

A

abundant

95
Q

This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as _______

A

haptens

96
Q

This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as haptens will trigger ______ reactions

A

IgE mediated

97
Q

Penicillin Allergy, 75% of allergic reactions is due to _______

A

penicilloyl haptens

98
Q

Penicillin Allergy, 25% of reactions is due to other _______

A

breakdown products

99
Q

Penicillin allergy, __1__ and ___2__ determinant refers to the frequency with which antibodies to these haptens appears / forms rather than the severity of the reactions.

A
  1. Major
  2. minor
100
Q

Penicillin allergy, _______ reaction to penicillins is the most important and immediate danger connected with use of this antibiotic in some individuals

A

Acute anaphylactic

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