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Final exam: Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

_______ Substance produced naturally in minute quantity by some microbes that has the potency to inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.

A

Antibiotics

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2
Q

______ : an agent that affects physiology

A

drug

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3
Q

________ antimicrobial agent part synthesized in lab and part synthesized in microbe.

Ex: doxycycline, methcillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin

A

Semisynthetic antibiotic

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4
Q

the Advantages of ___1____

  1. is more affective against Gram negative bacteria cell,(Compared to gram postive)
  2. longer lasting with extended half life,
  3. easier to adminstor (compared to the natural ____1___)
A

1.antibiotics

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5
Q

______ antimicrobial agent synthesized in laboratory.

Ex: Isoniazid, sulfa drugs

A

Synthetic drug:

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6
Q

_______ is the trademark for isonictinic acid which is effective against M. tuberculosis

A

isoniazid

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7
Q

______ mode of actions, Plasma membrane injury: disruption of it’s function / integrity

A

Antibiotics mode of actions

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8
Q

______ mode of actions, Inhibition of cell wall synthesis : targets peptidoglycan

A

Antibiotics mode of actions

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9
Q

______ mode of actions, Blocking protein synthesis: due to structural differences of ribosomes (70S vs 80S)

A

Antibiotics mode of actions

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10
Q

______ mode of actions, Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition: targets enzymes

A

Antibiotics mode of actions

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11
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents is ______, harm the microbe without significant damage to the host, shouldn’t be influenced by food or disease status

A

Selective toxicity

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12
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents has ________, which means lowest dose toxic to the patient divided by High Tl and Low Tl.

A

Therapeutic index

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13
Q

Therapeutic index of _______ is less toxic to patients because they target unque structure point of bacteria cell.

A

High Tl

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14
Q

Therapeutic index of _______, need to be monitored carefully so does not to react toxic level

A

Low Tl

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15
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be _______, be able to penetrate host tissue and reach microbial colony and must be effective at low, non toxic concentration to host

A

bio-available

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16
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ether ___1___, which stop bacteria growth then they are eliminated and ___2___ refer to bacteriolytic which also kills bacteria cell

A
  1. bacteriostatic
  2. Cidal
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17
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ______, should be stable in body fluids and exhibit therapeutic effect,

  • not degraded by stomach acids
  • antibiotics prone to inactivation in gastric environment should be given via i v / i m route
A

Stability

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18
Q

Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ______, drug action on various pathogens that varies, either broad or narrow spectrum

A

Spectrum of activity

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19
Q

Spectrum of activity of ______, agent targets microbes(Gram negative) from both taxonomic groups of bacteria which is critical in many life threatening situations

A

board spectrum

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20
Q

Spectrum of activity of ______, Disadvantages which they disturb normal microflora which normal flora prevents pathogen colonization, competiting for space attachment site nutrients O2 available. which causes super infection ; opens doors to transient pathogens

A

board spectrum

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21
Q

Spectrum of activity of ______, when antimicrobial action is limited to few microbe sps

Ex: Isoniazid affects only Mycobacterium sps and vancomycin

A

Narrow spectrum

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22
Q

Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties, if you have bacteria infection of the brain or eyes, its a challege to treat because of the __________.

A

blood brain barrier (BBB)

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23
Q

Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties. Antibiotics that are quickly remove by the _____ are good choice for treatment bacterial infection of bladder or urinary/urogen system

A

kidney

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24
Q

______ time it takes to eliminate one half of the original antibiotic dose in serum

  • some antibiotics ( like Penicillin is 6 hours) have short half life
  • additionally liver dysfunction / kidney disease, dose needs to be adjusted accordingly becos associated with slow metabolism and excretion of the drug
A

Half life

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25
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ is a two drugs given simultaneously, antimicrobial effect is greater than either given alone * Ex: * Streptomycin(enter easily composition of urine) * penicillin(weaken the cell wall)
synergism
26
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ contains sulfomethoxazole and trimethoprim which is given for UTI and AIDS patents
Septra/bactrim
27
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as \_\_\_\_\_\_, is a two drugs when given simultaneously, their action interfere with each other * Ex: * Tetracycline ( bacteriostatic) * penicillin ( bacteriocidal, acts on growing cells, disrupting peptidoglycan) which means pushing and pulling
Antagonism
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ drug combination that are neither antagonistic nor synergistic in action
additive
29
Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, e.g. penicillin allergy 300 deaths / year; with fever, rash and / or anaphylactic shock
trigger of allergic reactions:
30
Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as \_\_\_\_\_\_, though selective toxicity such as ciprofloxacilin which is limited use in pregnant women and children. it affects cartilage development
exhibit toxic effects
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_(Last Choice) causes aplastic anemia
chloramphenicol
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (First Aid ointment) toxic to kidneys; so not useful for systemic use
polymyxin B :
33
\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms Calcium complex, limits availability
tetracycline
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ impairs balancing sense ; may cause irreversible deafness
streptomycin
35
disruption of the normal flora as in antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis, vaginitis and thrush is due to colonization by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
clostridum difficle
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_secretes toxins target intestinal epithial cells which becomes pseudomembrane patches that is made of dead cells, pus inflammation and clotted blood
clostridum difficle
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ colonizes intestines of individual whose normal microflora being eliminated or distruped by antimicrobial chemotherapy (cramps, blood diarria)
clostridum difficle
38
yellow or green color ish on the teeth is cause by \_\_\_\_\_\_
tetracycline
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is due to hemoglobin breakdown product deposited on tongue papillal which is due to metronidazole intakes
black hairy tongue
40
Route of administration:can be via external or internal route such as \_\_\_1\_\_\_: applied on skin directly and \_\_2\_\_\_\_\_ administered via orally or intramuscularly
1. Topical / local application 2. Internal
41
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ simple, no needle or provider’s help * Disadvantage: don’t follow time table
Orally
42
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ slow diffusion via blood vessels * Disadvantage: high concentration can’t be achieved
Intramuscularly:
43
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ via needle or catheter can attain high concentration for limited time, directly to blood stream into liver
Intravascular
44
Antibiotic safety:prescribing antibiotic often involves assessing risk and benefits in the term of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
therapeutic index
45
Often, another drug use may have a toxic effect that is not there when the _____ is taken alone Also, one drug may neutralize the intended effect of the other
1st drug (meaning 1 drug at a time)
46
few antibiotics dampens effectiveness of contraceptive pills hypersensitivity towards \_\_\_\_\_\_
penicillin antibiotic
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_ should be given antibiotics that are considered safe as recommended by FDA. there should be no / minimal risk to the developing fetus
Pregnant women
48
Plasma Membrane Injury mediated mainly by the ________ antibiotics
polypeptide
49
\_\_\_\_\_ binds to the cell phospholipids; disrupts membrane structure alters membrane permeability cellulor content leak out and die * limited to topical applications
Polymixin B
50
\_\_\_\_: inserted into bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, which is useful in treatment of some Gr (+) ve bacteria resistant to other drugs ; not so effective against Gr (-)ve bacteria( because of the outermembrane)
Daptomycin
51
Cell wall acting antibiotics to ______ and \_\_\_\_
B-lactam and Non-Blactam
52
Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, ______ to penicillin group
lactamase sensitive
53
Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, \_\_\_\_\_\_, to semisynthetic penicillins, cephaloporins, monobactams and carbepenemes
lactamse resistant
54
Cell wall acting antibiotics of ________ are vancomycin, cycloserine and bacitracin
Non B-lactam
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_: have narrow spectrum of activity, unstable in stomach acid environment; in contrast Pen V is stable and better absorbed
Natural penicillins
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have broader specificity, have improved coverage and effectiveness against a wide range of organisms, including most streptococcal and staphylococcal species, aerobic gram-negative organisms, and many anaerobic organisms
Semisynthetic penicillins
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_s are susceptible to penicillinase (β lactamase) which cleaves the β lactam ring ; antibiotic is inactivated and bacteria grows in the presence of antibiotic
Natural penicillin
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_ interferes with the lnking enzymes and NAM subunits remain unttached to their neighbors, then the cell burst from osmotic pressure because the integrity of peptidoglycan is not maintained.
pencillin
59
Non β lactams of ______ binds to terminal amino acid of the tetrapeptide chain * prevents cross linking ; weakens cell wall * not effective against Gram (-)ve bacterial cells * poorly absorbed
Vancomycin
60
Non β lactams of ______ inhibits peptidoglycan precursors (NAG and NAM) * transport across membrane * toxic, restricted for topical applications (first aid ointment)
Bacitracin
61
Non β lactams of ______ interfere with ala- ala bridge in Gr (+)ve bacteria cells if it lacks alanine amino acids
Cycloserine
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inhibits RNA synthesis binds and blocks prokaryotic RNA polymerase activity, Effective against Mycobacterium
Rifamycins :
63
\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_2\_\_\_ :Inhibits DNA gyrase ( relieves strain caused by local uncoiling ) Effective against UTI pathogens and anthrax * limited use in children and pregnant women’s Ex: Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacillin and moxifloxacilin
1. Quinolones 2. fluoroquinolones
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ( Flagyl TM ) interferes with DNA synthesis and function selective toxicity only in anaerobic microorganisms becos active form binds to DNA used to treat bacterial vaginosis and C. difficle associated diseases
Metronidazole
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_: a substance that prevents a cell from carrying it’s normal metabolic reaction, are structurally similar to normal used molecules
Antimetabolite
66
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Functions in 2 ways: * competitive inhibition of enzymes * Ex: sulfanilamide and other sulfa drugs * –by being erroneously incorporated into molecules like nucleic acids * Ex: azidothymidine ( we’ll discuss later in HIV drugs )
Antimetabolite
67
antibiotics \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_ Acquired ability to resist or block antibiotic action to which it is normally susceptible less drug used, controls evolution of \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ development
1. resistance
68
How resistance is acquired and types ? \_\_\_\_\_ * mutation in chromosomal genes * modification of the target site of antibiotic action
chromosomal resistance
69
How resistance is acquired and types ? _____ mainly due to R plasmids
extrachromosomal resistance :
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ code for enzymes that chemically modify the antibiotics
R Plasmid
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carry 6-7 genes ; each confers resistance to different antibiotics, they can be transferred / acquired by one of the many genetic exchange processes (transduction or conjugation)
R Plasmid
72
How resistance is acquired and types ?\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ microorganism gets sequestered from antibiotics often temporary change ( loss of cell wall ) renders them non susceptible to antibiotic action
non-genetic resistance
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consequences, prolongs infection
Antibiotic Resistance
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consequences, delays recovery time, increases hospital and health care costs
antibiotic resistance
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consequences, needs more expensive and less effective toxic medications to cure infection
Antibiotic Resistance
76
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consequences, causes higher mortality rates
Antibiotic Resistance
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is longitudinal evolution, due to mutation in chromosomal DNA and advantageous to bacteria for survival
vertical evolution
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is lateral evolution, due to R plasmid
horizontal evolution
79
The enzyme for penicilin to penicillionic is \_\_\_\_\_
B lactamase/penicillinase
80
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that inactivation or destruction of the drug is \_\_\_\_\_\_
β lactamase
81
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Prevent antibiotic from reaching it’s target site / decreased uptake is Alteration of the membrane transport \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
proteins/porins
82
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Alteration of drug target site / enzyme is \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_.and \_\_\_2\_\_\_ Ex. DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
1. Ribosomes 2. Enzymes, Ex.DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
83
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Rapid efflux of the drug, which Pumps the drug out of the cell before it can become \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
effective
84
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Development of alternate biochemical pathways common amongst the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_resistant strains which abandon sensitive steps
sulfonamide
85
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance are Survival and multiplication of a _____ variety
mutant
86
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistanc is the Use of antibiotic should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
restricted
87
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance is the _______ should be performed prior to initiation of antibiotic treatment
Sensitivity tests
88
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Full course of antibiotic treatment should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
followed
89
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Use of left over or someone’s else antibiotics should be strongly \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
discouraged
90
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that Educating general public about antibiotics use and their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
advantages
91
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance which is Indiscriminate use should be ______ ( combination with alcoholic drinks, coffee and narcotics )
curtailed
92
PABA that goes through _____ into two pathway E1, E2, E3 to folic acid e1, e2, e3 to folic acid (this one is not susceptible)
sulfadrug
93
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into other breakdown product to ______ product
minor
94
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, ______ product
abundant
95
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
haptens
96
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as haptens will trigger ______ reactions
IgE mediated
97
Penicillin Allergy, 75% of allergic reactions is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
penicilloyl haptens
98
Penicillin Allergy, 25% of reactions is due to other \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
breakdown products
99
Penicillin allergy, \_\_1\_\_ and \_\_\_2\_\_ determinant refers to the frequency with which antibodies to these haptens appears / forms rather than the severity of the reactions.
1. Major 2. minor
100
Penicillin allergy, _______ reaction to penicillins is the most important and immediate danger connected with use of this antibiotic in some individuals
Acute anaphylactic

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