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LA DX & TX II > Final Exam - Food Animal Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Final Exam - Food Animal Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

if you see scleral infection present in a very sick cow, what should you be thinking about?

A

sepsis is suspected

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2
Q

what lesion is shown here? what is it associated with?

A

episcleral hemorrhage - secondary to calving trauma

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3
Q

what congenital lesion is shown here?

A

dermoid

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4
Q

what are some teratogens that cause congenital ocular lesions in cattle?

A

BVD

blue tongue virus

veratrum californicum

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5
Q

what congenital ocular lesions are seen with BVD?

A

blindness, cataracts, nystagmus, microphthalmos, corneal lesions, etc

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6
Q

what congenital ocular lesions are seen with blue tongue virus?

A

blindness, chorioretinitis, & retinal dysplasia

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7
Q

what congenital ocular lesions are seen with veratrum californicum?

A

anophthalmia, cyclopia, & synophthalmos

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8
Q

what congenital lesion is shown here? what clinical signs are associated with it? what animals are commonly affected by it?

A

entropion - skin/hairs irritate the eye, usually from the lower lid

squinting, tearing, ulceration, & blindness

common in sheep - genetic condition (no breeding) or congenital/early onset

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9
Q

what are some other names for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

pinkeye & IBK

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10
Q

what lesion is shown in the photo? what causes it?

A

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

moraxella bovis - gram negative coccobacillus that contains hemolysin, necrotizing factor, & leukocidin

can also be caused by other moraxella spp, mycoplasma spp, & respiratory viruses

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11
Q

how is infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis spread?

A

shed in nasal & ocular secretions - direct contact, aerosols, fomites, mechanical vectors, introduction of new animals, & recent infections

highly infectious!!!

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12
Q

what animals are severely affected by infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

high morbidity in 3-12 month old calves/immunologically naive

beef cattle more susceptible than dairy!!!

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13
Q

how does IBK affect economics?

A

decreased yield (less weight gain, decreased milk yield, lower calf value), cost of treatment, & sale loss of damaged eyes!

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14
Q

what is the pathophysiology of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

corneal damage -> epiphora -> flies -> spread of disease!!!!!

pili bind to the cornea & the enzyme allows entrance to the stroma -> corneal perforation

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15
Q

what clinical signs are seen in early disease of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

lacrimation, blepharospasm, photophobia, & conjunctival hyperemia

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16
Q

what clinical signs are seen in midstage disease of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

central ulceration & uveitis

17
Q

what clinical signs are seen in late disease of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

vessel invasion, necrosis of the stroma, & granulation of the corneal defect

18
Q

what sequelae are associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

corneal scarring, corneal perforation, glaucoma, & phthisis bulbi

19
Q

how is infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis diagnosed?

A

history, signalment, ocular exam

culture for moraxella

PCR for IBR & mycoplasma

20
Q

what treatment is used for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

decrease exposure - eye patch, 3rd eyelid flap

injectables - antibiotics & NSAIDS

topicals - abx, atropine, & steroids

subconjunctival injections - bulbar or palpebral

21
Q

how is infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis controlled/prevented?

A

must control the spread of disease!!!!!

fly control, shade, mow pastures, dust/pollen control, & vaccines

22
Q

what causes keratoconjunctivitis in sheep/goats? what treatment is used?

A

similar to cattle

mycoplasma conjunctivae, chlamydia psittaci, branhamella ovis, & coxiella burnetti

same as cattle for treatment but no vaccine available!

23
Q

what is exenteration? when is it done?

A

removal of all contents in the orbit - done for extensive lesions

use the auriculopalpebral block, retrobulbar block, & maybe peterson eye block

24
Q

what lesion is shown here?

A

ocular squamous cell carcinoma

25
Q

what are the predisposing risks for a cow getting ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

A

7-8 years old

associated with no pigment

UV light exposure, environment, genetics, & concurrent viral infection (papilloma)

26
Q

what stages are seen in bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

A

precancerous - epidermal plaques, papillomas, & keratosis of the eyelid

carcinoma in situ

invasive squamous cell carcinoma

27
Q

where are the most common locations for ocular squamous cell carcinomas in cows? is metastasis common?

A

corneoscleral junction (lateral limbus is common)

lower eyelid margin

third eyelid

metastasis is not common!!!!

28
Q

when can radiofrequency hyperthermia be used for treating ocular SCC in a cow?

A

only when the lesion is < 5 mm

29
Q

what are you two main options for treatment for ocular SCC in cows?

A

either cull them or treat them!

30
Q

what treatment is available for ocular SCC in cows?

A

surgical resection, radiofrequency hyperthermia, cryotherapy, & immunotherapy

31
Q

how is ocular SCC diagnosed in cows?

A

visual inspection & histopathology!

32
Q

what is this lesion?

A

hypopyon

33
Q

this agent causes infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis - what is it?

A

moraxella bovis!

34
Q

what lesion is shown here?

A

epidermal plaque at the lateral limbus of the eye

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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