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LA DX & TX II > Exam 1 - Essentials for Equine Dental Care > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Essentials for Equine Dental Care Flashcards

1
Q

what are some history clues/clinical signs that indicate dental issues in horses?

A

oral/chewing discomfort, prolonged eating time, odd chewing behaviors, slobbering, quidding, foul odor/halitosis

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2
Q

what are some signs of discomfort during performing in horses that have dental issues?

A

head tossing, gaping of mouth, & lugging in or out

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3
Q

what is the major side effect seen when using alpha-2s for sedating horses for dentals?

A

bradycardia

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4
Q

what alpha 2s may you use when doing an equine dental? what are the used for?

A

xylazine, detomidine, & romifidine

potent sedation & analgesia

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5
Q

why use an opioid agonist or opioid antagonist for an equine dental?

A

minimizes tongue motion & chewing action - butorphanol

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6
Q

what are the benefits of using tolazoline?

A

reduces ataxia, prevents choke, & reduced dependent edema

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7
Q

what are the adverse effects with using tolazoline as a reversal agent?

A

vasodilation, tachycardia, tachypnea, collapse, & death

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8
Q

which local anesthetic has the longest duration?

A

bupivicaine - lasts 4-6 hours

lidocaine is the shortest at 1-2 hours & mepivacaine is middle ground at 2-3 hours

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9
Q

why use an NSAID for an equine dental?

A

improves comfort - dose of flunixin at 250mg-500mg iv

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10
Q

what is the basic setup you need that is ideal for an equine dental?

A

quiet location that is safe with minimal obstacles/safe footing, diminished ambient lighting (no bright sun if you can avoid it), light source, head stand/dental halter

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11
Q

what instruments do you want for performing an equine dental?

A

bucket with dilute chlorohex, mouth mirror, occlusal surface probe, periodontal depth probe, bright light source, sickle scaler, full mouth speculum

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12
Q

before performing a dental on a horse, what should you do?

A

rinse the oral cavity completely - debris interferes with visualization

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13
Q

what are the 5 components of oral exams in horses?

A
  1. extraoral structures
  2. occlusion
  3. periodontal status
  4. endodontic status
  5. oral soft tissues
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14
Q

for extraoral findings, what are some differentials for abnormal facial symmetry?

A

muscle atrophy

soft tissue enlargement

bony enlargement/indentation

neuro problems

skull deformity

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15
Q

for extraoral findings, what are some differentials for abnormal facial swelling?

A

tooth root disease

eruption cysts

neoplasia

sinus problems

trauma

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16
Q

where is the swelling & drainage localized to?

A

parotid swelling & draining tract

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17
Q

where is the swelling & drainage localized to?

A

submandibular swelling & multiple draining tracts

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18
Q

with abnormal extraoral findings, what questions should you ask?

A

whether they are incidental findings or significant - look for communication with oral cavity

diagnostics - imaging, upper airway endoscopy, lab work, centesis/culture, & biopsy

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19
Q

what are you looking at when focusing on occlusion on an equine dental?

A

alignment/contact of incisors & cheek teeth

anisognathia

dental arch

sloped occlusal surfaces

curve of spee

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20
Q

what does the orange line represent?

A

curve of spee

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21
Q

what makes up normal occlusion in horses?

A

normal relationship of dental arches, level bite, labial edges of incisor cheek teeth occlude evenly, & cheek teeth positioned evenly

22
Q

what are these? what are they associated with?

A

sharp enamel points - cheek & tongue abrasions that cause discomfort

23
Q

what is malocclusion I?

A

normal relationship of maxillary & mandibular dental arches with one or more malpositioned teeth - tooth version (buccoversion, linguoversion), overlong tooth, or supernumerary tooth

24
Q

what kind of malocclusion is this?

A

malocclusion I - overlong tooth

25
Q

what is malocclusion 2?

A

overbite/overjet

mandibular arch occludes caudal to its normal position with the maxilla

abnormal rostral-caudal relationship between dental arches results in malocclusion

26
Q

what type of malocclusion is this?

A

2 - overbite

27
Q

what type of malocclusion is this?

A

malocclusion 2

28
Q

what is malocclusion 3?

A

underbite/underjet

mandibular arch occludes rostral to normal relationship with maxilla

abnormal rostral-caudal relationship of dental arches results in malocclusion

29
Q

what type of malocclusion is this?

A

malocclusion 3

30
Q

what are the major sequelae of malocclusions in horses?

A

overlong tooth - leads to damage to opposite tissues & irregular attrition

shifting of teeth - diastema, periodontal disease, discomfort, & poor mastication

31
Q

what are the components that make up periodontal disease?

A

gingivitis, calculus, periodontitis, alveolar bone loss, & attachment loss

32
Q

what are the periodontal structures of interest?

A

tooth, gingiva, gingival sulcus depth (3-5 mm), crestal bone, periodontal ligament space, & apical aspect of tooth

33
Q

what is stage 0 of periodontal disease?

A

no attachment loss, and probe depth <5mm

34
Q

what is stage 1 of periodontal disease?

A

gingivitis, no attachment loss, probe depth <5mm

35
Q

what is stage II of periodontal disease?

A

early periodontal disease, <25% attachment loss & probe depth of 5-10mm

36
Q

what is stage III of periodontal disease?

A

moderate periodontal disease, 25-50% attachment loss, & probe depth >10mm

37
Q

what is stage IV of periodontal disease?

A

advanced periodontal disease, >50% attachment loss, & >10mm probe depth

38
Q

what are signs of periodontal disease seen inside the equine mouth?

A

gingivitis/bleeding, periodontal pockets, gingival recession, calculus, tooth mobility, & diastemata

39
Q

how do you evaluate diastemata?

A

roughage removal for visualization

assess gum recession-bleeding, measure sulcus depth, assess tooth mobility, rads, & treatment plan

40
Q

what is this?

A

diastemata

41
Q

what components make up the endodontic aspect of the dental exam?

A

crown of the tooth, tooth roots/apex, infundibulum, pulp horns, pulp canal, & pulp

42
Q

what are some examples of endodontic abnormalities?

A

crown fractures, pulp exposure, infundibular caries, peripheral cemental caries, & periapical tooth root disease

43
Q

how do you complete the endodontic aspect of your dental exam on a horse?

A

inspect each dental quadrant (dentin, cementum, enamel, infundibulum, pulp horns), interproximal spaces, & gingiva

44
Q

what are these lesions examples of?

A

complicated crown fractures

45
Q

what is this lesion? what do you do if you see it?

A

pulp necrosis - common finding in teeth with periapical infection

dark discoloration & food accumulation in the pulp horn

need to confirm with occlusal surface explorer - rads are indicated

46
Q

how do infundibular caries happen?

A

maxillary teeth have a mesial & distal infundibulum funnel, cemental hypoplasia

food accumulation leads to fermentation - acid production - demineralization of cementum, enamel, dentin causing caries

weakens the tooth & predisposes it to fracture

47
Q

what lesion is seen here?

A

infundibular caries

48
Q

what components make up your exam of oral soft tissues?

A

examine lips/cheeks/palate/tongue for bleeding, swelling, tracts, & tumors

look for abrasions, abnormal growths, bleeding, & irritation

49
Q

what is this lesion?

A

fibrosarcoma

50
Q

what lesion is this?

A

exuberant granulation tissue

51
Q

what is this lesion?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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