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LA DX & TX II > Exam 1 - Food Animal Musculoskeletal Diseases > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Food Animal Musculoskeletal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

cattle put more weight on the _____ claw in the front, & on the _____ claw in the rear

A

medial

lateral

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2
Q

T/F: lameness is a major cause of culling in dairy cattle

A

true

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3
Q

85-90% of lameness we see in the ____, with 85-90% in the ______ limbs, & 80-90% affecting the ______ claw

A

foot

rear

lateral

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4
Q

what is a lameness grade of I?

A

animal is normal

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5
Q

what is a lameness grade of II?

A

there is a slight abnormality & an uneven gait

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6
Q

what is a lameness grade of III?

A

slight but obvious lameness present

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7
Q

what is a lameness grade of IV?

A

obvious lameness & the animal has difficulty turning

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8
Q

what is a lameness grade of V?

A

animal is non-weight bearing

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9
Q

where should you start your physical exam on a lame patient?

A

restrain the animal & start with the foot, & clean it well

use hoof testers, percussion, hyper-extend/flex the digits, look for obvious sole lesions, and palpate for any heat/swelling

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10
Q

what is the rate of growth of the hoof wall?

A

1/2cm a month at the toe & 1cm a month at the heel

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11
Q

what is the wall of the hoof?

A

cornified epidermis - a lot of keratin at the sole mainly

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12
Q

what makes up the sole in a cow?

A

softer keratin that is thicker toward the heel

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13
Q

T/F: the front feet of a cow are larger together than the rear feet & are more flat in comparison

A

true

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14
Q

what is the general shape of the rear feet in a cow?

A

oblong & concave

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15
Q

why use hoof testers on the foot?

A

differentiate pain from fighting physical restraint

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16
Q

where are bruises & ulcers most commonly located in the sole of the foot?

A

caudal third of the sole

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17
Q

why is it important to know that the tendon sheaths don’t communicate with one another after the bifurcation proximal to the fetlock joint on the plantar/palmar aspect?

A

in animals with tenosynovitis, you don’t want to contaminate the other side

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18
Q

when amputating a digit from a cow, why is it important to remove the bone at a 45 degree angle at the distal 1/3 of P1?

A

the dorsal interdigital cruciate ligaments need to stay intact - this angle helps avoid damaging them

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19
Q

what is concerning about infection present at the axial interdigital skin?

A

it is the closet point to the distal interphalangeal joint, & it can easily extend up into it

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20
Q

what is the attachment site of the deep digital flexor tendon? why is it important?

A

attaches to P3 at the junction of the heel & sole - important to consider with sole ulcers

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21
Q

if using a wooden block as treatment in a lame animal, where should the block be placed?

A

on the unaffected toe - helps raise the affected toe off of the ground

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22
Q

what is an example of how longevity of an animal with a toe amputation is dependent on use & the animal’s environment

A

lateral claw removal on the rear limb of a breeding bull - animal won’t last long

front lateral claw removal may last years on a bull used for natural collection & not natural service

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23
Q

T/F: the use of flunixin in lactating dairy cows is appropriate as it has a 4-day slaughter withdrawal time

A

false - cannot use in lactating dairy cows!!!

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24
Q

T/F: phenylbutazone can be used in dairy cattle under 20 months of age

A

true - need to have a valid VCPR to do this

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25
Q

correct conformation of the bovine hoof includes the fact that the soles of the rear claws are relatively _____, while the soles of the front claws are relatively ________

A

concave

flat

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26
Q

what is footrot in cows?

A

infection of the interdigital skin & deeper structures

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27
Q

what agents cause footrot in cows?

A

fusobacterium necrophorum (leukotoxin & endotoxin) & porphyromonus levii (spreads lesion via collagenolytic enzymes) - both require means of entrance because they can’t penetrate intact skin

both are gram negative obligate anaerobes normally found in bovine gi tract

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28
Q

what is the pathogenesis of footrot in cows?

A

there is compromise of the interdigital skin

12-24 hours, diphtheritic membrane appears marking the start of necrosis

48 hours - lesion is seen in entire interdigital space

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29
Q

name the disease

A

foot rot

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30
Q

what clinical signs would you expect this animal to present with?

A

typically affects one limb with a mild to non-weight bearing lameness

will see necrotic tissues at the edges of the lesion & swelling/redness above the coronary band because deeper subcutaneous structures are commonly invaded

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31
Q

how do you treat footrot in cattle?

A

oxytetracycline is the favorite choice - want a systemic antimicrobial

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32
Q

what is the most severe sequela to footrot in cattle?

A

it invades the coffin joint

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33
Q

how can footrot in cattle be prevented?

A

improve the animal’s environment - reduce chances of interdigital trauma/constant fecal contamination/contact

f. necrophorum bactrin - 2 doses, 3-4 weeks apart followed by yearly booster

aureomycin feed additive

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34
Q

what is bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis?

A

acute to chronic inflammation of the interdigital skin that does NOT extend into deeper tissues - results in heel horn erosion & undermining of the heel bulbs

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35
Q

what is the agent that causes bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis?

A

dichelobacter nodosus

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36
Q

what clinical signs do you expect this patient to present with if it has this lesion?

A

mild lameness (paddling - walking on eggshells) & superficial erosions/undermind heel bulbs, & melting of the horn, no necrosis - bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis

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37
Q

what are some things that can predispose a cow to developing bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis?

A

continuously wet/unhygienic conditions & sequelae to laminitis

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38
Q

how do you treat bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis?

A

put the animal on dry ground/clean environment

topical treatments & trim off loose tissue with frequent foot care/trimming

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39
Q

how is bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis prevented?

A

improved management of cattle

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40
Q

what is another name for papillomatous digital dermatitis?

A

hairy heel wart

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41
Q

what clinical signs would you expect this patient to present with if it has this lesion?

A

severe lameness/weight shifting - small lesion is very painful to the touch

expect to see it above the heel bulbs around the coronary band (sometimes on the dorsal aspect) in the interdigital space with fronds at the periphery (wash cloth appearance) - hyperplasia of epidermis

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42
Q

how does a cow get this lesion?

A

associated with spirochete (treponema), increased moisture in the environment, & potentially a zinc deficiency

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43
Q

how can you differentiate between foot rot, hairy heel warts, & bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis?

A

hairy heel warts are not necrotizing like footrot & hairy heel warts are more proliferative than bovine contagious interdigital dermatitis

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44
Q

how are hairy heel warts prevented?

A

management of the moisture/filth!!!! spray/vaccine available

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45
Q

how are hairy heel warts treated?

A

cleaning & oxytetracycline under a bandage!!!!! frequent foot baths to inactivate disease causing agents

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46
Q

what is contagious footrot in sheep?

A

interdigital dermatitis with extension into adjacent epidermal tissue underlying the hard horn

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47
Q

how is contagious footrot in sheep transmitted?

A

carrier sheep in a warm, moist environment

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48
Q

what agents are associated with causing contagious footrot in sheep?

A

dichelobacter nodosus, f. necrophorum, & actinomyces pyogenes

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49
Q

what is the pathogenesis of contagious footrot in sheep?

A

the agents love anaerobic environments within deep fissures/cracks in the hoof - travel through wet, inflamed interdigital skin causing necrosis

extends laterally/caudally through layers of underlying soft & hard horn - separation of axial bulb horn from the under-running bulb, sole, axial, & abaxial walls - causes deep pockets of necrosis

50
Q

if you’re concerned about contagious footrot in a sheep, what clinical signs would you expect the animal to have?

A

severe lameness with 50-75% of the flock affected

51
Q

how is contagious footrot in sheep treated?

A

radical hoof trimming!!!!!!!

systemic antibiotics (PPG or oxytetracycline), foot baths with zinc sulfate

cull severe cases & get them into a dry environment

52
Q

how is contagious footrot in sheep prevented/controlled?

A

hoof trimming 2-4 times a year & footvax/volar (vaccines)

53
Q

what is this lesion?

A

contagious footrot in sheep

54
Q

what antibiotics would you use for treating this?

A

PPG or oxytetracycline

55
Q

what is the lesion seen in the photo?

A

subsolar abscess

56
Q

what causes a subsolar abscess?

A

anything that allows entrance to spaces under the horn

puncture wounds, concrete/grinder burns, white line disease, inferior hoof quality, & bruises

57
Q

what are the possible sequelae of a subsolar abscess?

A

joint, tendon, or ligament involvement

58
Q

what are the clinical signs seen with the lesion in the picture?

A

pain & altered stance

no swelling!!!!

59
Q

how do you treat subsolar abscesses?

A

systemic abx, curettage all undermined horn, wooden block on good claw

60
Q

what is tenosynovitis?

A

usually an extension of digital disease into the deep digital flexor tendons

secondary to - footrot, white line disease (allows an opening that starts an infection that can spread to the joints/tendon sheaths), & trauma

61
Q

what clinical signs do you expect to see in a cow with tenosynovitis?

A

severe lameness & swelling/drainage of synovial fluid from the tendon sheath (usually pronounced & extends up the limb to above the hock sometimes)

unilateral distended sheath

62
Q

if you’re concerned about tenosynovitis, why is ultrasound helpful?

A

can help differentiate between infection in the sheath vs the surrounding tissue

63
Q

how is tenosynovitis treated?

A

adequate drainage & flush - treat like an abscess, but remember it is essentially an open joint!!! must be covered with a sterile bandage after & changed daily for the first 5 days

64
Q

what are some sequelae of tenosynovitis?

A

tendon separation, fibrosis/adhesions, & chronic lameness - very time consuming expensive condition!!!

65
Q

what is primary septic arthritis/physitis?

A

penetration into the joint - trauma

66
Q

what is secondary septic arthritis/physitis?

A

extension into the joint from adjacent infection

67
Q

what is tertiary septic arthritis/physitis?

A

systemic or hematogenous spread (navel, polyarthritis, endocarditis)

68
Q

what joint in cows is most commonly affected by septic arthritis?

A

coffin joint

69
Q

what clinical signs are associated with septic arthritis/physitis?

A

pain, heat, significant swelling, marked lameness, & potentially systemic signs

70
Q

how is septic arthritis/physitis diagnosed?

A

physical exam, synovial fluid aspirate, inflammatory leukogram, culture, & ultrasound

71
Q

what is the treatment for septic arthritis/physitis?

A

joint lavage early (1-3 days) into the course of disease

arthrotomy - sometimes the only way to address a chronically septic joint (signs greater than 2-3 days) due to fibrin build up in the joint

72
Q

what is the prognosis of septic arthritis/physitis?

A

poor - joint infections are difficult to treat without permanent damage

73
Q

what infectious diseases of the digit cause moderate to severe lameness with swelling above the coronary band?

A

footrot

contagious footrot in sheep

tenosynovitis

septic arthritis/physitis

osteomyelitis

74
Q

what infectious diseases of the digit cause moderate to severe lameness WITHOUT swelling above the coronary band?

A

papillomatous digital dermatitis

subsolar abscess

75
Q

what non-infectious diseases of the digit cause moderate to severe lameness with swelling above the coronary band?

A

potentially - P1 fracture

potentially - white line disease

76
Q

what non-infectious diseases of the digit cause moderate to severe lameness WITHOUT swelling above the coronary band?

A

sole ulcer!!!!!!

sand crack & thimble crack - depends

laminitis

white line disease

77
Q

how do you treat a fracture of P3 in a cow?

A

wooden block on good claw

78
Q

how do you treat a fracture of P2/P3 in a cow?

A

cast foot to just above the fetlock

79
Q

how do you treat a fracture of P1 in a cow?

A

cast to enclose the foot & include carpus/tarsus

80
Q

what is the etiology of laminitis?

A

believed to be an ischemic event in capillaries in laminae - endotoxin thought to play a role

animals on high concentrate, low long stem roughage diets

81
Q

what is the pathogenesis of laminitis?

A

hyperemia - hemorrhage - thrombosis - vasculitis - hypoxia - leads to edema, necrosis, followed by separation, & rotation

quality of horn produced is affected for life - inferior horn will crack, bruise, erode more easily

separation of white line, axial grooves leads to packing with dirt, manure, infection, & deeper spread

82
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with acute laminitis in cows?

A

weight shifting, pain, heat felt, walking stiffly (on eggshells), increased HR/RR

83
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with chronic laminitis in cows?

A

chronic pain from secondary conditions occurring in the foot

84
Q

how do you treat acute laminitis in cows?

A

correct the cause

laxatives (magnesium oxide), NSAIDS for endotoxemia, antihistamines if early, & soft bedding

85
Q

how do you treat chronic laminitis in cows?

A

foot care & regular trimming

86
Q

what is the etiology of sole ulcers?

A

big one - long heels & long toes

overgrown toes, high concentrate diets (low grade laminitis), & cubicles are too small

87
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with sole ulcers?

A

painful lesion at the junction of the heel & the sole - may have erupted tissue

!!! attachment site of DDFT !!!

88
Q

why is the location of this lesion important to consider?

A

sole ulcer - attachment site of DDFT

89
Q

what is the treatment for sole ulcers?

A

rads to determine extent of involvement/duration

foot trim & pare out all undermined horn, trim out granulation tissue, block healthy claw

may need to amputate/arthrodesis depending on severity

prognosis is guarded depending on extent of structures involved

90
Q

what animals are more commonly affected by sand cracks?

A

heavier bulls/cows - rodeo bulls

85% in the front lateral claw

91
Q

what lesion is shown here? what is the etiology?

A

sand crack (vertical fissure)

laminitis (inferior horn quality), stress lines, or nutritional problem

92
Q

what is the major clinical sign of sand cracks?

A

crack in the horn that may extend to the coronary band

93
Q

how are sand cracks treated?

A

trimming - shorten & roll toe to quicken break over & put less pressure on the toe

keep hooves soft, curettage/drainage/keep clean, wooden block on healthy claw

94
Q

how long will this take to heal?

A

6-8 months

toe will take 1 year

95
Q

if you have a cow present with a grade 3/5 lameness & no swelling above the coronary band, what differentials are you considering?

A

subsolar abscess

sole ulcer

P3 or P2 fracture

vertical or horizontal wall fissure

white line disease

96
Q

what is thimble claw? what are some potential causes?

A

horizontal fissures - laminitis/inferior horn can predispose

97
Q

what clinical signs are associated with thimble claw?

A

usually all 4 feet have stress lines - probably a vascular event

98
Q

what is the treatment for thimble claw?

A

pare off the unattached horn

99
Q

what is the prognosis of thimble claw?

A

good unless there are deeper tissues involved

100
Q

what is white line disease?

A

separation to suppuration of white line - most often abaxial wall (weight bearing area across toes also)

seen on front medial claw & rear lateral claw

101
Q

what lesion is this?

A

white line disease

102
Q

what lesion is this?

A

thimble claw - horizontal fissure

103
Q

what is the etiology of white line disease?

A

sequelae of laminitis, thin walls, wet conditions, & overgrown hoof

104
Q

what are the clinical signs of white line disease?

A

uncomplicated - pain due to movement along the junction of the wall & sole, dark areas at the white line due to packing of fecal material/dirt into separation

severe - lateral penetration, navicular bursitis & drainage above the coronary band & DIP joint infection

105
Q

what is the treatment for white line disease?

A

remove affected sole/wall, self cleaning (make a groove to allow manure and/or other material to escape

systemic abx if deeper structures are involved, wooden block on unaffected toe

careful with toe lesions that extend to P3 - can cause osteomyelitis

106
Q

what are interdigital fibromas?

A

corns - hyperplasia & fibrosis of interdigital skin, animals may or may not be lame, but typically are benign

107
Q

what may predispose an animal to developing corns?

A

overfeeding, wet/filthy conditions, & irritation

108
Q

what are the clinical signs of corns?

A

seen most commonly on the front feet of bulls & rear feet of cows

109
Q

what is the treatment for corns?

A

benign neglect or remove them

110
Q

what is corkscrew claw?

A

rotation of the lateral hoof wall toward the axial plane - results in the malalignment of P2 & P3

seen on the lateral claws of rear limb & medial claws of the front, may be evident at 1-3 years of age

111
Q

how do you tell if corkscrew claw was inherited in an affected animal?

A

heritable - see it in all 4 limbs

chronic problem/regrowth - only one claw

112
Q

what are some sequela of corkscrew claw?

A

DJD, ligament damage, lifetime of hoof trimming/correction, & sole ulcers

don’t breed these animals - heritable condition

113
Q

what are some factors that may lead to stifle injuries?

A

slip & fall (hypocalcemia)

fighting

breeding injuries

114
Q

what are the clinical signs you would expect to see in a cow with a stifle injury?

A

animal avoids flexing the stifle, holds the hock & stifle in a fixed position, weight is placed mainly on toes, legs camped under body to take weight off of affected limb, periarticular/joint swelling, quadriceps/gluteal muscle atrophy, & potentially see lameness in foot

115
Q

what clinical signs are associated with a CCL rupture in a cow?

A

effusion into the medial femorotibial joint

116
Q

how is a CCL rupture treated in cows?

A

salvage, stall rest, collect semen/embryos, or surgery

117
Q

what do you think is wrong with this bull?

A

CCL rupture - effusion seen

118
Q

what do you think is wrong with this bull?

A

stifle injury

119
Q

what is this?

A

corn

120
Q

what condition does this animal have?

A

corkscrew claw

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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