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LA DX & TX II > Exam 3 - Semen Collection & Artificial Insemination > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Semen Collection & Artificial Insemination Flashcards

1
Q

how is the increased utilization of superior sires an advantage for artificial insemination?

A

males used for AI are more carefully selected

fertilizing ability of frozen semen is maintained indefinitely (semen quality won’t be better after freezing)

can breed more females

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2
Q

how is physical access to semen a benefit of artificial insemination?

A

preserved semen can be transported

eliminate the need for all breeders to maintain males (lowered expense & danger)

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3
Q

how can artificial insemination reduce venereal disease transmission?

A

if you screen the males & their semen for transmissible diseases prior to use, you can reduce transmission

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4
Q

what are the advantages of using artificial insemination?

A

increased utilization of sires

physical access to semen is better

can reduce venerable disease transmission

reduce stress & disease associated with animal transport

maintain health status of closed herds

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5
Q

what are the disadvantages of artificial insemination?

A

must detect estrus/impending ovulation (problem in cattle)

trained technicians are required - need for semen collection/handling/processing/thawing, technique & efficiency for AI must be good, & retraining is required periodically (or evaluation of success)

potential for rapid spread of genetic defects - arthrogryposis in cattle & HYPP in horses

genetic base can be narrowed - over breeding with a smaller number of males

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6
Q

what is evaluated when looking at semen after collection?

A

appearance, volume, concentration, motility, & morphology

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7
Q

what characteristic of semen is the easiest way to evaluate sperm quality?

A

motility, need forward moving direction

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8
Q

what makes up processing of semen for AI?

A

varies with species - sperm tolerance (diluents & temperatures)

varies with use:

live cover - fresh semen
cooled - important for stallions

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9
Q

what is used to calculate the amount of sperm present in semen?

A

the volume ejaculate & concentration of sperm

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10
Q

do we measure volume of semen when using the electroejaculator? what about an artificial vagina?

A

electroejaculator - no

artificial vagina - yes

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11
Q

what are the advantages & disadvantages of using an artificial vagina for bovine semen collection?

A

best for semen preservation & most physiologic representation of sperm

hardest technique to use - need an immobilized mount source (breeding phantom best for disease control)

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12
Q

what is the most common technique used for semen collection & evaluation in beef bulls? what are the disadvantages of it?

A

electro-ejaculation

proper technique is important & semen evaluation is mostly representative for motility & morphology but not for counting sperm numbers

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13
Q

what are the disadvantages of using trans-rectal massage for semen collection from cows?

A

results are variable & there is lower sperm motility & viability using this method

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14
Q

what is the best insemination time used for AI in cattle?

A

AM;PM rule

estrus detected in the morning - breed in the afternoon/early next morning
estrus detected in the afternoon/early evening - breed the next morning

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15
Q

what is the best timing for post-partum rebreeding in cattle?

A

40-60 days post partum has the highest pregnancy rate at 50-60%

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16
Q

how is frozen semen used for AI in cows?

A

thawing at 95°F for about 30 seconds

make sure the AI gun is warm, clean, & dry - cover with a clean disposable plastic straw & keep the straw-loaded gun warm & go promptly to the cow & breed it

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17
Q

what is the insemination technique used in cattle?

A

restrain the cow & remove excess stress - remove feces from rectum & identify the cervix

clean vulva/vestibule & advance AI gun through the vagina to the external os & pull the cervix cranially to straighten the vaginal folds - work the cervix caudally over AI gun

deposit semen in the uterine body - don’t go too far into the horns (short uterine body)

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18
Q

what is the preferred way to collect semen in sheep? why? what is necessary for storing it?

A

artificial vagina & they mount a teaser ewe - best for both representativeness & quality making it the best for semen preservation

temp 40-45°C & pressure are critical!!!!

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19
Q

what is the disadvantage of using electro-ejaculation for semen collection in sheep?

A

proper technique is important, so it is easy to screw up - samples are often inconsistent with large amounts of seminal fluid

but if adequate, can be used for preservation

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20
Q

T/F: for semen collection in goats/sheep, 1 thrust is all that is seen with ejaculation

A

true

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21
Q

T/F: AI of sheep is more common in australia & new zealand than the USA

A

true

22
Q

why is trans-cervical insemination difficult to do in sheep?

A

the ewe has cervical rings that are very off set, so it is hard to pass an AI pipette through them because of the tortuous nature of their cervix

23
Q

how is vaginal insemination used in sheep?

A

need 500 X 10^6 sperm - pregnancy rates about 30-40%

elevate the hind end & allow them to stay that way several minutes after being inseminated

24
Q

what method of AI provides the highest pregnancy rate in sheep? how is it done?

A

laparoscopic insemination - semen is deposited in the lumen of the uterus (40 X 10^6 liver sperm)

pregnancy rates > 75%

25
Q

what is the difference between a ram & a buck?

A

ram - male sheep
buck - male goat

26
Q

which is more ‘sensitive’ to electro-ejaculation, bucks or rams?

A

bucks more sensitive than rams

27
Q

how is semen collection done for bucks & rams?

A

bucks may be easier to collect than rams

readily will mount teaser doe & ejaculate into artificial vagina

28
Q

how is electro-ejaculation performed in bucks & rams?

A

hold the extended penis with a piece of gauze

collect dribbling semen from urethral process

29
Q

why can you do trans-cervical insemination in female goats?

A

unlike ewes, they don’t have the tortuous rings in their cervix, & they are better aligned

with the doe restrained & hindquarters elevated, use a lighted speculum & deposit semen as far cranial as possible in cervical canal

30
Q

why is an ovariectomized mare used for semen collection in horses?

A

she has no progesterone at any time, so she is in heat essentially 24/7 & can serve as a mount for an artificial vagina

31
Q

what is the purpose of semen extenders for horses?

A

protects sperm & prolongs their survival with buffers (protects against cold shock), nutrients, & antibiotics with most being milk based

32
Q

what is the insemination dose for fresh & cooled semen for AI in horses?

A

250-500 X 10^6 progressively motile sperm

33
Q

what is the insemination dose for frozen thawed semen for AI in horses?

A

600 to 800 million sperm with greater than 30% motility

34
Q

what insemination timing is used in horses?

A

within 48 hours prior to ovulation!!

with fresh - while they are in estrus starting on the 2nd or 3rd day of heat

35
Q

what insemination timing is used for cooled sperm for the best pregnancy rates in horses?

A

within 24 hours of ovulation - verify with palpation/ultrasound, need a follicle bigger than 35mm (use hCG & deslorelin to fine tune the ovulation)

36
Q

what insemination timing is used for frozen thawed sperm for the best pregnancy rates in horses?

A

within 6-8 hours of ovulation - verify with palpation/ultrasound

timed from hCG or GnRH agonist administration (24 & 40 hours or 30 & 42 hours)

37
Q

what AI procedure is preferred for frozen semen & semen of lesser quality in horses? how is it done?

A

deep horn insemination

semen is deposited in the tip of the uterine horn ipsilateral to ovulation (you will need to know which ovary will be ovulating the follicle)

38
Q

what is the standard insemination technique used in horses?

A

aseptically prepare the mare’s perineum & have the semen drawn into a syringe (10-30mL is best)

insemination pipette is passed to the anterior vagina with the operator wearing a sterile lubricated arm sleeve

identify the cervix & pass the pipette into the uterine body

slowly expel the semen from the syringe into the uterus

39
Q

when may you AI a horse through a speculum?

A

if they have a low caslick’s in place with the vulvar opening being too small

40
Q

what should you clean prior to semen collection from a boar?

A

clean out their preputial diverticulum!! can get urine & smegma up in there

41
Q

why not use latex gloves when collecting semen off of a boar?

A

latex is toxic to boar sperm

42
Q

how long does it take for complete ejaculation from a boar?

A

5-8 minutes

43
Q

what is the gloved hand technique for boars?

A

the fingers in a vinyl glove mimic the sow’s cervix

44
Q

what is the most common semen collection method used in boars?

A

breeding phantom

45
Q

T/F: boar semen usually doesn’t freeze well

A

true

46
Q

when should you ideally inseminate a sow if using cooled semen?

A

24-48 hours after collection

47
Q

how long do basic extenders maintain boar semen? what about the newer ones?

A

basic: up to 3 days

newer: 5-10 days of storage

48
Q

when placed into the vagina, once in contact with the sow’s cervix, how is the AI pipette rotated?

A

counterclockwise

49
Q

how long does estrus last for sows & gilts? how does this affect insemination?

A

sows: 1-4 days

gilts: 1 day

want to inseminate them 6-10 hours prior to ovulation - they ovulate closer to the end of estrus

50
Q

why is the sow unique in regards to minimum volume of insemination dose?

A

they have extremely long uterine horns - so they need a minimum volume for insemination

51
Q

what is the insemination dose for fresh semen for AI in pigs?

A

2 X 10^9 motile sperm in 100 mL volume

1 X 10^9 motile sperm in 50 mL minimum

52
Q

when does ovulation occur in pigs? how does this influence the AI plan?

A

38 to 42 hours after the onset of estrus

mate them twice to increase the number of piglets in a litter & use different boars to increase pregnancy rate & litter size

sows (estrus 2-3 days) - mate them early & late on 2nd day of estrus or on 2nd & 3rd day

gilts (estrus 1-2 days) - mate them late on the 1st day & early on the 2nd day

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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