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LA DX & TX II > Exam 3 - Pregnancy & Gestation > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Pregnancy & Gestation Flashcards

1
Q

how does the placenta help the mother’s body not to attack the fetus as an antigen?

A

placentation allows for a compromise between the mother & fetus in a way that doesn’t compromise the dam

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2
Q

what is the hemochorial placentation type?

A

mouse/humans placentas - direct communication between blastocyst & maternal circulation, so nutrients/hormones are released directly into the fetal bloodstream

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3
Q

what is the epitheliochorial placentation type?

A

pig placentation type where the endometrium & chorion remain intact throughout gestation

nutrients must be transported through macromolecules

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4
Q

what does anti-luteolytic mean?

A

prostaglandin E from the conceptus diverts & inhibits PGF2a

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5
Q

what does luteotropic mean?

A

maintenance of a CL with a gonadotropin

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6
Q

T/F: estrogen in the pig is both anti-luteolytic & luteotropic

A

true

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7
Q

what is going on in ungulates with maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

PGF2a from the uterine endometrium stimulates luteolysis, so removal of the uterus or damage to the endometrium will result in a prolonged CL

fetus must prevent luteolysis to survive!!!

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8
Q

when does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in pigs?

A

10-13 days post-estrus

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9
Q

when does implantation happen in pigs? what is going on in the uterus at this time?

A

12-19 days post-estrus

pro-inflammatory period in the pig - initiates edema, increased vascular permeability in the endometrium, & this leads to increased communication between mother & conceptus

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10
Q

how do pigs have the maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

estrogen is released by the conceptus during 11-30 days into gestation & there must be 4 embryos total with 2 in each horn

injection of estrogen will initiate pseudopregnancy here

prostaglandin production in the endometrium is shifted from PGF2a to PGE2 - uterus & conceptus produce PGE2!!!!!!

maternal recognition happens

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11
Q

what is sensitivity & specificity in relation to pregnancy diagnosis in food animal species?

A

sensitivity - ability to detect pregnant animals correctly

specificity - ability to detect non-pregnant animals correctly

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12
Q

T/F: in early gestation of mares, the conceptus doesn’t elongate

A

true

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13
Q

what is the average length of gestation in sheep? how long is it dependent on the corpus luteum?

A

140-155 days

5-60 days dependent on the CL

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14
Q

what happens if a sheep is exposed to veratrum californicum on day 14 of gestation?

A

prolonged gestation, hypoplastic pituitary glands, & hypoplastic adrenal glands, & can see cyclops in babies

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15
Q

what diagnostic is commonly used to diagnose pregnancy in sheep?

A

intra-rectal/transabdominal ultrasound

can do this at 40 days gestation - also detects fetal numbers well

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16
Q

what is a way to figure out that a lady sheep is not pregnant?

A

she returns to estrus lol

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17
Q

T/F: abdominal ballotment performed on days 90-130 is poorly accurate for diagnosing pregnancy in sheep

A

true

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18
Q

how long is gestation in pigs? how long is it CL dependent?

A

114 days - 3 months 3 weeks 3 days

CL dependent throughout the pregnancy

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19
Q

how many embryos must a pig have to maintain pregnancy?

A

4 - 100% fertilization rate but 20-30% of embryos die in the first 30 days

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20
Q

in sow pregnancies, the ____ migrates to the uterus at day ___ & secretes _______ at days 10-11

A

embryos

estradiol

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21
Q

what are some reasons that estrus detection in sows may give you false positives when trying to diagnose pregnancy? what about false negatives?

A

the pigs can be in anestrus or they could be submissive sows

group of pigs too big or insufficient management of sows

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22
Q

what are the advantages of using PGF2a levels in sows to determine pregnancy? what are the disadvantages?

A

it is very sensitive & 70% specific - PGF2a levels are secreted at days 12-15 in non-pregnant sows!!!!

impractical to do this

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23
Q

how is estrone sulfate used to detect pregnancy in sows? what are the disadvantages of it?

A

sensitive/specific test that is done between days 25-30

not commercially available for swine

24
Q

T/F: in sows, early pregnancy factor B is produced only in the ovaries during pregnancy

A

true

25
Q

what is the average length of gestation in cows? what is it influenced by?

A

273-296 days - influenced by breed

26
Q

what is considered to be premature gestation in cattle?

A

premature if before 250 days - calf unlikely to survive

27
Q

what cows commonly deal with prolonged gestation lengths?

A

large fetuses & bull calves

28
Q

what are the 4 positive signs of pregnancy in cattle?

A
  1. amniotic vesicle at days 30-65
  2. fetal membrane slip at 35 days-term
  3. fetus at 65 days
  4. placentomes present at 75 days, easily palpated by 85-90 days
29
Q

what are some secondary signs of pregnancy in cattle?

A

fremitus in the middle uterine artery - but not diagnostic

milk/blood progesterone levels (low at days 2-24 after breeding) - 98% diagnostic for non-pregnant cows

30
Q

when can transrectal ultrasound be used in cattle for detecting pregnancy? what about for fetal sexing?

A

20-25 days after breeding

fetal sexing at days 55-75

31
Q

what is the average length of gestation in horses? when does the embryo make it to the uterus?

A

340 days average

trans-uterine migration - embryo in the uterus 6.5 days after ovulation

32
Q

what do we call premature births in horse pregnancies?

A

fetus delivered before 320 days

33
Q

why may a horse have a prolonged gestation? what is the exception to this?

A

small fetus - exception is fescue toxicity

34
Q

how is pregnancy diagnosed in horses?

A

transrectal ultrasound done 14 days after ovulation

35
Q

what is the only primary sign of pregnancy in the horse?

A

ballotment of the fetus

36
Q

when is sexing of the fetus done in horses?

A

days 55-75 with a transrectal ultrasound

37
Q

in an ewe, what happens if they lose their CL before 55 days of gestation? what about after? why is this important?

A

<55 days - abortion

> 55 days - maintained pregnancy

ewes need their CL up to day 55 because it is what is producing progesterone up until that point!!!

38
Q

in an cow, what happens if they lose their CL before 200 days of gestation? what about after? why is this important?

A

<200 days - abortion

> 200 days - maintain pregnancy

the CL of the cow produces progesterone throughout their pregnancy, but by day 200, the placenta is also producing progesterone & this maintains the pregnancy at 6-8 months

39
Q

how is the pregnancy maintained in the mare throughout gestation?

A

primary CL produces progesterone until day 35-40 & then secondary CLs form due to eCG release from endometrial cups

both CLs regress around 150 days of pregnancy

placenta starts producing progesterone around 120 days gestation

40
Q

T/F: the ovaries of a mare can be removed around days 90-120 & the pregnancy will still be maintained

A

true

41
Q

the ____ & ____ both have a corpus luteum producing progesterone throughout pregnancy

A

sow & doe

42
Q

T/F: asynchrony between the mother & embryo is what causes early embryonic death

A

true

43
Q

T/F: litter bearing species have uterine space limitations

A

true

44
Q

why do late developing embryos die off?

A

they fail to provide the proper signal to the mother that they are there

45
Q

what is the pathogenesis of early embryonic death?

A

late onset of the 1st meiotic division so oocyte maturation is late (pig ovulation occurs over several hours, so there is a delay in ovulation)

late developing embryos fail to provide a proper signal to the mother for pregnancy recognition

46
Q

what hormone is vital in cows & sheep for pregnancy recognition? why?

A

interferon tau - suppresses the endometrial levels of PGF2a

47
Q

when does the conceptus elongate in cow & sheep pregnancy?

A

cows - days 14-16

sheep - days 12-13

48
Q

what is the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares?

A

conceptus doesn’t elongate in early pregnancy

only the embryo reaches the uterus due to the secretion of PGE2 by the conceptus - NO FERTILIZED OOCYTES in the uterus!!!!!! PGE2 causes relaxation of the isthmic smooth muscle to release the embryo

embryo must be able to migrate throughout the uterus to prevent PGF2a release - critical period is 12-14 days post-ovulation!!!

estrogen & interferon are not anti-luteolytic

they are the ungulates that produce chorionic gonadotropin due to endometrial cup formation which provides maintenance of the secondary corpus luteums

the blastocyst capsule, mucin-like proteins, secrete from the trophectoderm after the blastocyst enters the uterus

zona pellucida is then shed after the capsule formation - capsule is elastic & protects the embryo while it migrates throughout the uterus

49
Q

what is the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in humans & mice?

A

the embryo attaches to the endometrium & invades (hemochorial) & there is a direct communication between the blastocyst & maternal circulation

nutrients & hormones are released directly into the fetal bloodstream

50
Q

what is the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in pigs?

A

the endometrium & chorion stay intact throughout the pregnancy (epitheliochorial)

nutrients (iron) must be transported through macromolecules

51
Q

what are the two types of hormone groups that are involved in maintenance of the corpus lutuem as a component of maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

anti-luteolytic - PGE2 from the conceptus which diverts PGF2a & inhibits it

luteotropic - maintenance of CL (gonadotropin)

in pigs - estrogen does both!

52
Q

what is the process of maintenance of the corpus luteum in human pregnancies?

A

luteolysis is initiated by the ovary

trophoblast cells produce chorionic gonadotropin that binds to LH receptors & produce progesterone & protects against PGF2a

53
Q

what is the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ungulates?

A

PGF2a from the endometrium is the stimulus for luteolysis - removal of the uterus or damage to the endometrium will result in a prolonged CL

conceptus, to survive - must prevent luteolysis

54
Q

what are secondary signs of pregnancy in a mare diagnosed by manual rectal exam?

A

size of the bulge in the uterus

tone of the cervix & uterus

55
Q

why is fremitus in the middle uterine artery not a for sure sign that a cow is pregnant?

A

it occurs when the uterus is large - postpartum or pyometra! not specific for pregnancy!

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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