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LA DX & TX II > Exam 3 - Infectious Infertility > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Infectious Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

what herpesvirus is the most common cause of abortion in mares? when is it most contagious? when is it shed? how is it transmitted?

A

EHV-1 (EHV-4 less common)

most contagious during 1st week of infection

sheds for 7-15 days

respiratory transmission! transplacental transmission!

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2
Q

why is transplacental transmission of EHV-1 in mares bad? what does the abortion look like? what happens if the mare ends up having the foal?

A

can cause abortion in late gestation - expelled fresh with the foal enclosed in amnion & the foal may or may not be alive but they will die because of lung damage!

mare may have a weak foal with pneumonia

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3
Q

how is EHV-1 diagnosed in mares?

A

samples taken from the aborted fetus!!!

virus isolation, PCR - looking for intranuclear inclusion bodies

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4
Q

how is EHV-1 prevented?

A

vaccinate the momma at 3, 5, 7, & 9 months of gestation

virus is inactivated outside of the body by detergents, heat, & disinfectants but will last longer in cold or feces

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5
Q

what is the agent that causes contagious equine metritis?

A

taylorella equigenitalis

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6
Q

when was the last outbreak in the USA of contagious equine metritis?

A

2009 in kentucky at the specialized AI farm - fomite transmission was proven!!!

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7
Q

how is equine contagious metritis transmitted?

A

venereally!!! stallion is asymptomatic & mares may not exhibit signs, which is why this disease is insidious

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8
Q

T/F: contagious equine metritis is very susceptible to antibiotic therapy

A

true

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9
Q

how long is the incubation period of contagious equine metritis? how long do they have clinical signs?

A

13 day incubation

2 weeks of purulent vaginal discharge

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10
Q

what clinical signs are associated with contagious equine metritis?

A

vaginal discharge, endometritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, & short-term infertility

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11
Q

how is contagious equine metritis diagnosed?

A

sample the clitoral fossa in mares & penis in the stallion

mare will have purulent vaginal discharge 13 days after breeding!

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12
Q

how is contagious equine metritis prevented?

A

post-entry quarantine of imported mares, culture/PCR, & test bred to negative mares 12-45 days later!!

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13
Q

why must you test bred to negative mares for contagious equine metritis 12-45 days later?

A

70% of positive stallions culture negative!!!

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14
Q

what is the distribution of equine viral arteritis? how is it spread?

A

world wide! bad!

spread by semen or sometimes trans-placental if embryo transfer, if donor was bred with infected semen - not very resistant for an organism but it can survive well in frozen semen

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15
Q

what horse breed has a high seropositive rate for equine viral arteritis?

A

standardbreds

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16
Q

what is the incubation period of equine viral arteritis?

A

2-13 days

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17
Q

why is equine viral arteritis bad for horses?

A

causes abortion, foal death, & decreases commercial value of stallions

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18
Q

what clinical signs are seen with equine viral arteritis?

A

none to edema & skin rashes - peri-oribital edema & scrotal edema

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19
Q

what clinical signs are seen in mares with equine viral arteritis?

A

short term carrier of the virus - abortion at 3-10 months & foals are infected

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20
Q

what clinical signs are seen in stallions with equine viral arteritis?

A

long term carrier!!! disease is androgen dependent!!!

harbored in the ampullae - asymptomatic carrier, chronically shed in semen, & transmitted to mares during breeding

suborbital/periorbital edema & ventral/scrotal edema

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21
Q

how is equine viral arteritis diagnosed in stallions? what is the treatment for it?

A

serologic evaluation & then VIRUS ISOLATION FROM SEMEN!!!!!

treatment isn’t possible :/ you would have to decrease testosterone!

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22
Q

how is equine viral arteritis diagnosed in mares? what about in aborted fetuses?

A

mare - PCR & paired serum titers 3-4 weeks apart

aborted fetus - virus isolation from lungs, livers, & vascular lesions seen on histopathology

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23
Q

why is the vaccine for equine viral arteritis not recommended to be given for the last 2 months of gestation in mares?

A

they will shed a small amount

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24
Q

how is equine viral arteritis prevented?

A

isolate first time stallions for 3-4 weeks - booster them yearly with the vaccine

vaccinate teaser stallions

segregate pregnant mares

breed sero-positive stallions to sero-positive mares

establish serological status before vaccines!!!!!! some places will think seropositive means infected

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25
Q

what agent causes equine coital exanthema?

A

EHV-3

26
Q

what lesions are seen in equine coital exanthema?

A

painful pustules/ulcers on the vulva & penis

27
Q

how is equine coital exanthema diagnosed?

A

appearance/lesions seen, PCR, & histopathology

28
Q

how is equine coital exanthema transmitted?

A

direct contact, fomites (AI, probe, sleeve)

29
Q

how long do lesions last with equine coital exanthema?

A

lesions are self-limiting & last 10-14 days

30
Q

nocardia is associated with what pathology in mares?

A

mucoid placentitis associated with gram positive actinomyces spp.

31
Q

what is the pathogenesis of nocardia in horses? what is the transmission?

A

we don’t know either!! we know it isn’t ascending or hematogenous

unable to induce this condition - maybe associated with caterpillars

32
Q

what clinical signs are associated with nocardia in horses?

A

late term abortion, weak foal with normal delivery

cranio-ventral portion of the placenta is affected

33
Q

what animals/situations is nocardia associated with?

A

hot weather, older mares, & large horse farms

34
Q

how is nocardia treated in horses?

A

empirical treatment - sensitive to SMZ & doxycycline

35
Q

what causes fescue toxicosis?

A

animal ingests grass that is infected with endophyte fungus ergot alkaloids!

36
Q

what clinical signs are associated with fescue toxicosis?

A

agalactia is the big one!!! prolonged gestation, dystocia, weak foals, & thick placentas

37
Q

why does fescue toxicosis cause agalactia?

A

ergot alkaloids cause reduced prolactin & progesterone

38
Q

why does fescue toxicosis cause placental problems?

A

causes a thickened placenta that can lead to RED BAG!!!! or foal delivered in chorioallantois

39
Q

why does fescue toxicosis affect fertility of horses?

A

causes prolonged luteal function, increased cycles/pregnancy, & embryonic death

40
Q

what happens if a mare does produce milk with fescue toxicosis? what happens to these foals that drink it?

A

if milk is present - it is brown & not nutritious

foals that receive colostrum have a reduced ability of absorption, so IgG will be low regardless of receiving colostrum

41
Q

what is domperidone used for in horses with fescue toxicosis?

A

it is a D2 dopamine receptor blocker that will prevent ergot alkaloids from decreasing prolactin - stops them from mimicking dopamine which is what causes the decrease in prolactin

42
Q

what is the treatment/prevention of fescue toxicosis?

A

remove mares from affected pastures 40-90 days before foaling

43
Q

T/F: fescue toxicosis can cause prolonged gestation which can lead to dystocia especially if the mare has a large foal

A

true

44
Q

what is mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS)?

A

increased early fetal loss (35-100 days) with cloudy flocculent fluid

45
Q

what is seen in late gestation in horses with mare reproductive loss syndrome?

A

red bag, engorged placenta, foals are born weak & die - associated with alpha-hemolytic strep & actinobacillus

46
Q

horses grazing with _______ _____ trees with _____ ______ ________ are at risk for getting mare reproductive loss syndrome especially in warm summer months

A

black cherry trees

eastern tent caterpillars

47
Q

what clinical signs are seen in horses with mare reproductive loss syndrome?

A

endophthalmitis, pericarditis, early fetal loss, & funiculitis

48
Q

what treatment is used for mare reproductive loss syndrome? what follow up care is used?

A

treatment - supportive care

follow up - few mares rebred to eCG level from endometrial cups

abortion activity associated with exoskeleton/cuticle

embedded in the deep submucosa of gi tract

49
Q

you see this isolated from aborted foal tissues - what do you suspect?

A

EHV-1

50
Q

the agent pictured on bottom causes the clinical signs seen in the photo on top - what is it?

A

contagious equine metritis caused by taylorella equigenitalis

51
Q

where will you take samples from a stallion when testing for contagious equine metritis?

A

urethral sinus, terminal urethra, external penis, & prepuce

52
Q

this stallion has a lot of scrotal edema - what do you think is going on?

A

equine viral arteritis

53
Q

what is the initial diagnostic done when looking for equine viral arteritis in a stallion? what is done next?

A

initial - serologic evaluation

next - determine carrier status by virus isolation in the semen

54
Q

you have horses presenting with these lesions on a large horse farm - what do you think is going on? what is this going to affect on this farm?

A

equine coital exanthema

management consideration - going to affect copulation because it is painful!!

55
Q

the cranio-ventral portion of this placenta is affected and was taken from a late term aborted foal - what are you concerned about?

A

nocardia - focal mucoid placentitis with associated gram positive actinomycetes spp.

56
Q

what is the agent causing fescue toxicosis?

A

neotyphodium coenophialum - ergot alkaloid

57
Q

a foal was just delivered like this - what is going on?

A

foal delivered in chorioallantois - fescue toxicosis

58
Q

what is this?

A

red bag - EMERGENCY

59
Q

all of these clinical signs are associated with what condition in mares?

A

mare reproductive loss syndrome

60
Q

what are these bugs? what condition are they associated with?

A

eastern tent caterpillars - mare reproductive loss syndrome

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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