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LA DX & TX II > Exam 1 - Equine Common Fractures > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Equine Common Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 big options for a horse with a fracture?

A

conservative treatment

surgery

euthanasia

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2
Q

what are the objectives of any surgical repair of a fracture?

A

want appropriate biological viability - intact blood supply

mechanical strength - strong enough fixation post-op for weight bearing

stability!!!!!

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3
Q

why is fracture stability so important in equine fracture repair?

A

stability = comfortable horse

uncomfortable horse = likely to founder

need to have a stable fracture that is non-infected & get horse comfortable to avoid any support limb issues

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4
Q

what are the 3 main types of fractures discussed in this lecture?

A

nondisplaced - incomplete or complete

displaced

articular

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5
Q

when do we commonly see non-displaced fractures in adult horses?

A

blunt force trauma from kicking

look for external evidence - wound

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6
Q

where are the most common locations in adult horses for non-displaced fractures?

A

ulna, metatarsal IV, & radius

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7
Q

why should you always radiograph a horse with a kick injury upon initial exam and then follow up days later with recheck rads?

A

you need to treat the wound for any infection & evaluate for any fracture

look a few days later for radiographic evidence of a fracture - if you miss it, you run the risk of the fracture becoming displaced & unsalvagable

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8
Q

horses with kick injuries that are housed adjacent to each other typically have a fracture in what location?

A

mt 4

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9
Q

horses with kick injuries that are housed with each other typically have fractures in what locations?

A

radius/ulna/mt 4

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10
Q

T/F: horses with fractures will present with an acute 4/5 lameness

A

true

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11
Q

what is the typical pattern seen in horses with non-displaced fractures?

A

wound treatment & NSAIDS initially decrease their lameness with fx undiagnosed - which is why you repeat rads a few days later

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12
Q

how are non-displaced fractures managed in horses?

A

wound therapy & confinement

prevent recumbency - risk of becoming displaced

monitor them for displacement & healing

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13
Q

what is the major complication of non-displaced fractures?

A

fractures become displaced - catastrophic results

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14
Q

T/F: with displaced & articular fractures, there is a necessity for surgical repair

A

true

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15
Q

what is the biggest cause for seeing a horse with a ‘dropped elbow’?

A

olecranon fracture - disrupts the triceps attachment, so the horse can no longer hold the elbow/carpus in extension or engage their stay apparatus

can’t bear weight

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16
Q

what is a flail limb fracture?

A

animal has no control on the limb whatsoever

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17
Q

what are common causes of olecranon fractures in horses?

A

adults - kick

foals - fall

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18
Q

which one of this horses has a displaced olecranon fracture?

A

horse on the left - significant effusion/swelling

both have dropped elbow

19
Q

what do you think this foal has fractured? why?

A

humerus - big swelling in the brachial region, can see well in the cranial aspect

20
Q

what are some differentials for olecranon fractures?

A

humeral fracture

radial neuropathy

scapular neck fracture

21
Q

what is the emergency coaptation indicated for an olecranon fracture?

A

full limb bandage & caudal splint - need to fix the knee in extension so the horse can bear weight

22
Q

this is a foal with a humeral fracture - is this okay coaptation?

A

nope - don’t splint humeral fractures, risk of radial neuropathy

23
Q

T/F: fractures at the olecranon in foals are not salter harris fractures

A

true - traction epiphysis fractures

24
Q

what specific olecranon fracture can you choose conservative treatment for? what does that entail?

A

non-displaced & non-articular fractures

stall +/- splint bandage

25
Q

what is the most common treatment used for olecranon fractures?

A

ORIF plate fixation - useful for displaced/articular fractures, but most are non-articular & non-displaced

26
Q

what are some complications of conservative management of olecranon fractures?

A

displacement, pseudoarthrosis, & prolonged lameness

27
Q

T/F: surgery for olecranon fractures has a high success rate & low complication rate

A

true - internal fixation, tension band plate to neutralize the forces of distraction being placed on the triceps

long term soundness prognosis

28
Q

what long bones are commonly seen for fracture repair in horses?

A

phalanges, mc/mt 3, radius/tibia, & humerus/femur

29
Q

what components make up case selection for equine fractures?

A

patient - age, size, & temperament

fracture - bone affected, location of fracture, & configuration of fracture (need purchase above & below the fracture & can’t be highly comminuted)

30
Q

T/F: olecranon, phalanges, & mc/mt 3 fractures are very repairable on adult horses

A

true

31
Q

what biological injuries should be considered in equine fractures?

A

soft tissue envelope, contamination, & neurovascular supply

32
Q

when do we commonly see humeral/femoral fractures in horses?

A

weanling quarter horse had an accident during halter breaking or when out on the pasture

33
Q

T/F: temporary stabilization for humeral/femoral fractures can increase soft tissue damage

A

true

34
Q

how are humeral fractures fixed surgically?

A

interlocking nail & plate combo that watkins made

35
Q

what emergency management is indicated for radial/tibial fractures in horses?

A

modified rj bandage & splint

radial - caudal & lateral splints

tibial - lateral splint

try to protect the medial soft tissue envelope from a displaced fracture

36
Q

when may conservative therapy be indicated for a radial/tibial fracture in a horse?

A

if it is a fissure line fracture

37
Q

what surgical repair is commonly performed for radial/tibial fractures?

A

ORIF - double plating

38
Q

what emergency management is indicated for mc/mt 3 fractures in horses?

A

splint cast

forelimb - up to the elbow

hindlimb - to the tuber calcanei

caudal & lateral splints!!!

39
Q

what surgical repair is commonly done for diaphyseal fractures of mc/mt 3 in horses?

A

double plate correction

40
Q

T/F: fractures of the distal 1/3 of the splint bones do well with removal & have a good prognosis

A

true

41
Q

what emergency management is indicated for phalangeal fractures in horses?

A

distal limb splint cast with minimal padding from the hoof to proximal mc/mt

use a dorsal splint for axial alignment of the dorsal cortices

42
Q

what surgical procedures can be used for phalangeal fracture repairs?

A

simple - lag screw

comminuted - intact strut with lag screw & cast or if no bone strut - transfixation cast & bridging plate

43
Q

T/F: for middle phalanx fractures, palmar/plantar stability is very important, & unstable fractures affect this

A

true

44
Q

which fracture is unstable?

A

the one on the right - needs double plate fixation

stable fracture only needs single plate fixation/transarticular lag screws

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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