Final Exam - Food Animal Discolored Urine

Question 1

what test may you use to differentiate if blood or hemoglobin is causing discolored urine in food animals? why?

Answer 1

PCV/TP - great way!! can detect anemia

centrifuge it - if it settles, RBCs

Question 2

what lab value would clue you into myoglobinuria as the cause of discolored urine in food animals?

Answer 2

CK!!! will be very high if myoglobinuria

Question 3

why is urine dipstick not great for classifying what is causing the discolored urine?

Answer 3

it will be positive for blood even if it is hemoglobinuria or myoglobinurua

Question 4

what species are most susceptible to copper toxicity?

Answer 4

sheep!!!!

Question 5

what factors play into the risk of copper toxicity causing discolored urine in food animals?

Answer 5

chronic accumulation of copper

Question 6

what clinical signs are seen with copper toxicity?

Answer 6

hemolytic crisis, icterus, hemoglobinuria, methemoglobinuria, anemia leading to weakness & sudden death

Question 7

how is copper toxicity diagnosed?

Answer 7

urinary copper is a great test - this along with hemolytic anemia

Question 8

what is the treatment & prevention used for copper toxicity?

Answer 8

penicillamine - increases urinary excretion of copper (ammonium molybdate & sodium sulfate can be used if no penicillamine)

prevent chronic ingestion of copper

Question 9

what are your differentials for discolored urine in food animals?

Answer 9

RBCS, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, & purulent material

Question 10

what lepto serovar is associated with causing reproductive loss in cattle?

Answer 10

leptospira hardjo

Question 11

what lepto serovars are involved in causing acute hemolytic disease in calves & lambs?

Answer 11

l. pomona & l. icterohemorrhagiae

Question 12

what clinical signs are associated with lepto causing acute hemolytic disease?

Answer 12

icterus, anemia, petechial hemorrhages, & hemoglobinuria

Question 13

what disease is caused by senna spp. in food animals?

Answer 13

coffee senna - diffuse myopathy with myoglobinuria

Question 14

how is senna toxicity prevented?

Answer 14

must feed animals enough to prevent them from choosing senna to eat

Question 15

what is the prognosis of senna toxicity?

Answer 15

once recumbent, the animal is unlikely to recover!

Question 16

what brassica spp. cause hemoglobinuria due to intravascular hemolysis in food animals?

Answer 16

rape grass & kale

Question 17

what plant causes hemorrhage in the urinary bladder leading to hematuria in food animals?

Answer 17

bracken fern

Question 18

what is one disease that causes icterus but doesn’t cause discolored urine?

Answer 18

ANAPLASMOSIS!!!!!

Question 19

what clostridium species are associated with causing discolored urine in food animal species?

Answer 19

clostridium haemolyticum - liver damage, hemoglobinuria, anemia, liver fluke creates an anaerobic environment in the liver, so clostridium proliferates & releases endotoxins

clostridium novyi type b. (black disease) - hemoglobinuria & anemia

Question 20

how can water intoxication lead to discolored urine in food animal species?

Answer 20

animals without water for hours that then drink a lot of water will have transient hemoglobinuria due to the sudden change in osmolality

Question 21

what are some causes of myopathies in food animal species?

Answer 21

coffee senna

capture myopathy - small ruminants & camelids, stress myopathy/rhabdomyolysis leads to myoglobinuria & increase in CK

ionophore toxicity - high levels of ionophores will pass the tolerance levels in ruminants

gossypol toxicity - from cotton seeds

Question 22

what is the pathogenesis of copper toxicity?

Answer 22

copper accumulates in the liver (normal storage organ)

when the animal is stressed (transport, bad weather, etc)

massive amounts of copper are mobilized from the liver causing a hemolytic crisis

Question 23

what is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

Answer 23

clostridium haemolyticum

Question 24

what is the pathophysiology of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

Answer 24

clostridium resides as spores in the liver

liver damage occurs (usually due to fluke migration)

anaerobic environment is created

spores activate & divide rapidly producing toxin which lyses RBCS

causes high mortality!

Question 25

what plant is shown here that causes discolored urine?

Answer 25

coffee senna