Final Exam - Food Animal Discolored Urine Flashcards
what test may you use to differentiate if blood or hemoglobin is causing discolored urine in food animals? why?
PCV/TP - great way!! can detect anemia
centrifuge it - if it settles, RBCs
what lab value would clue you into myoglobinuria as the cause of discolored urine in food animals?
CK!!! will be very high if myoglobinuria
why is urine dipstick not great for classifying what is causing the discolored urine?
it will be positive for blood even if it is hemoglobinuria or myoglobinurua
what species are most susceptible to copper toxicity?
sheep!!!!
what factors play into the risk of copper toxicity causing discolored urine in food animals?
chronic accumulation of copper
what clinical signs are seen with copper toxicity?
hemolytic crisis, icterus, hemoglobinuria, methemoglobinuria, anemia leading to weakness & sudden death
how is copper toxicity diagnosed?
urinary copper is a great test - this along with hemolytic anemia
what is the treatment & prevention used for copper toxicity?
penicillamine - increases urinary excretion of copper (ammonium molybdate & sodium sulfate can be used if no penicillamine)
prevent chronic ingestion of copper
what are your differentials for discolored urine in food animals?
RBCS, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, & purulent material
what lepto serovar is associated with causing reproductive loss in cattle?
leptospira hardjo
what lepto serovars are involved in causing acute hemolytic disease in calves & lambs?
l. pomona & l. icterohemorrhagiae
what clinical signs are associated with lepto causing acute hemolytic disease?
icterus, anemia, petechial hemorrhages, & hemoglobinuria
what disease is caused by senna spp. in food animals?
coffee senna - diffuse myopathy with myoglobinuria
how is senna toxicity prevented?
must feed animals enough to prevent them from choosing senna to eat
what is the prognosis of senna toxicity?
once recumbent, the animal is unlikely to recover!
what brassica spp. cause hemoglobinuria due to intravascular hemolysis in food animals?
rape grass & kale
what plant causes hemorrhage in the urinary bladder leading to hematuria in food animals?
bracken fern
what is one disease that causes icterus but doesn’t cause discolored urine?
ANAPLASMOSIS!!!!!
what clostridium species are associated with causing discolored urine in food animal species?
clostridium haemolyticum - liver damage, hemoglobinuria, anemia, liver fluke creates an anaerobic environment in the liver, so clostridium proliferates & releases endotoxins
clostridium novyi type b. (black disease) - hemoglobinuria & anemia
how can water intoxication lead to discolored urine in food animal species?
animals without water for hours that then drink a lot of water will have transient hemoglobinuria due to the sudden change in osmolality
what are some causes of myopathies in food animal species?
coffee senna
capture myopathy - small ruminants & camelids, stress myopathy/rhabdomyolysis leads to myoglobinuria & increase in CK
ionophore toxicity - high levels of ionophores will pass the tolerance levels in ruminants
gossypol toxicity - from cotton seeds
what is the pathogenesis of copper toxicity?
copper accumulates in the liver (normal storage organ)
when the animal is stressed (transport, bad weather, etc)
massive amounts of copper are mobilized from the liver causing a hemolytic crisis
what is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria?
clostridium haemolyticum
what is the pathophysiology of bacillary hemoglobinuria?
clostridium resides as spores in the liver
liver damage occurs (usually due to fluke migration)
anaerobic environment is created
spores activate & divide rapidly producing toxin which lyses RBCS
causes high mortality!
what plant is shown here that causes discolored urine?
coffee senna
