Final Exam - Bovine Infertility Flashcards
what are 4 ways we can improve food animal reproduction?
- work by appointment - plan calving, breeding, etc
- work in-clinic!
- utilize ultrasound!!!
- good environmental stewardship
what animals are you looking at for a dairy herd health visit?
looking at postpartum cows, anestrus cows, pregnancy checks, & repeat breeders
how do you best palpate the reproductive tract of a cow?
must be good at moving the uterus to where you can palpate it!
flip the uterus to the ventral surface to check for early pregnancy & try not to grab the intracorneal ligament
what will you do for a non-pregnant cow following a pregnancy check? what is your goal for progesterone levels?
estrus induction & AI
GnRH is given & a CIDR implant is used
CIDR implant is removed on day 7 - PGF2a is given to lyse the CL
60-66 hours later (day 7-day 10)
GnRH is given again & the animal is artificially inseminated
high progesterone at day 7!
what does normal discharge of a postpartum cow look like?
normally red-brown, mucoid, & odorless!
what should you feel by 3 weeks postpartum on rectal evaluation of a reproductive tract on a cow? why?
you should feel longitudinal striations in the uterus
the uterus expels tissues quickly but the endometrium needs time to heal & involute
what is the most common cause for repeat breeders?
purulent vaginal discharge!!!!
T/F: any purulent vaginal discharge is ABNORMAL
true
what animals will you do a vaginal exam on? what do you need?
any repeat breeders
clean technique & a disposable speculum!
what is post-estrus bleeding? is this abnormal?
spontaneous vaginal discharge 48 hours after estrus with a variable amount of blood
not abnormal!!! 60% of heifers & 40% of cows will do this!
what happens to your income if 10% of your cows aren’t having calves?
you are losing 10% of your income!
why do we need dairy cows to reproduce?
to replace cows
initiate & optimize milk production
what are some examples of venereal diseases that can cause vaginitis in dairy cows?
IBR/IPV
trich
vibrio
idiopathic
what is the lesion shown in this photo? does it affect the animal’s fertility? where are they observed?
mesonephric duct cysts - remnants of the male mesonephric tract!
no effect on fertility!!!
observed at the 4 & 8 o’clock position on the floor of the anterior vagina
what is the lesion shown in this photo? does it affect the animal’s fertility?
double cervix - two cervixes that each connect to its own respective horn
cows can present later in life with this & still have had good fertility!
what is the lesion shown in this photo? does it affect the animal’s fertility?
double external cervical os - cervical canal assumes the configuration of the letter Y
fertility can be normal
what are 3 examples of congenital malformations that you may encounter in dairy cows?
- mesonephric duct cysts
- double cervix
- double external cervical os
what is the lesion shown in this photo? what animals are more commonly affected by it? how do you manage this animal’s reproductive abilities?
cervical ectropion - hypertrophy of the cervical folds that prolapse through the external os
common in bos indicus breeds
difficult to AI these gals - better off with a bull
what is the lesion shown in this photo? what caused it? what are the sequelae of this?
cervical adhesion - result of trauma :/
cervical adhesions can cause obstruction & mucometra
cervical discharge in cows is usually caused by what? how do you treat it?
endometritis - will see pus + mucus
very common issue - treat them with prostaglandin
what should be considered when looking at pregnancy rates & postpartum endometritis in cows?
pregnancy rates will increase with more days postpartum (70% rate by 120 days postpartum vs. 30% at 30 days postpartum)
bacterial prevalence decreases with more days postpartum
need to give them more time before breeding them again to help prevent this!
what is a good example of the dose resistance balance of postpartum endometritis?
dose - hygiene, conformation, assisted calvings, & RP/metritis
resistance - nutrition
how is postpartum endometritis treated?
multiple short cycles to allow the uterus to evacuate bacteria & return to normal - use of lutalyse!!!
used to do uterine infusions - not so much anymore
what should you do when managing a repeat breeder cow without endometritis?
induce estrus in 7 days - co-synch protocol & CIDR
timed artificial insemination
