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LA DX & TX II > Exam 3 - Mastitis > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: mastitis results in a high economic impact in the dairy industry & is a very important disease

A

true

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2
Q

what are the clinical manifestations seen in mastitis? what about the nature of the pathogen?

A

subclinical or clinical (mild, moderate, or severe)

contagious or environmental

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3
Q

what are the legal requirements for bulk tank measurements in regards to mastitis?

A

bulk tank somatic cell count - <750,000 cells/mL

bulk tank bacteria - <100,000 CFU/mL

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4
Q

what are the 4 contagious pathogens commonly implicated in food animal mastitis?

A
  1. staphylococcus aureus
  2. streptococcus agalactiae
  3. mycoplasma
  4. corynebacterium bovis
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5
Q

what is the most prevalent contagious pathogen causing mastitis in cows? what are the clinical signs associated with it?

A

staphylococcus aureus - most prevalent & often subclinical cases!

chronic infections with clinical flare-ups (occasional severe cases) with fluctuating SCC & bacterial counts

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6
Q

T/F: in animals with streptococcus agalactiae mastitis animals, they are often subclinical & are unlikely to become systemic

A

true

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7
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with streptococcus agalactiae mastitis?

A

persistently high SCC & bacterial counts

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8
Q

______ _________ is an obligate pathogen of the bovine udder

A

streptococcus agalactiae

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9
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with mycoplasma mastitis? what do you do with these cows?

A

multiple quarters are affected, arthritis, respiratory disease, decreased milk production with high SCC

transfer them to Jesus

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10
Q

what are the economic impacts seen from mastitis?

A

decreased milk production/quality

penalties

mortality & replacement costs

milk discard

drugs & veterinary costs

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11
Q

what contagious agent of mastitis is a primary streak canal colonizer?

A

corynebacterium bovis

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12
Q

which contagious agent of mastitis is often used as an indicator of teat dip efficacy?

A

corynebacterium bovis

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13
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with corynebacterium bovis mastitis?

A

mild increases in SCC

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14
Q

what are your gram negative environmental pathogens that cause mastitis in food animals?

A

e. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter spp., citrobacter sp.

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15
Q

what are your gram positive environmental pathogens that cause mastitis in food animals?

A

streptococcus uberis, streptococcus dysgalactiae, & enterococcus

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16
Q

are the majority of environmental mastitis cases clinical or subclinical?

A

majority are subclinical! most are self-limiting!

occasional chronics with klebsiella, serratia, & streptococcus uberis

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17
Q

when is the highest incidence seen of environmental agents causing mastitis in food animals?

A

late dry/early lactation!

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18
Q

what animals are typically affected by severe systemic disease from mastitis? what agents are involved?

A

periparturient animals

gram negative pathogens!

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19
Q

what clinical signs are seen in animals with systemic disease due to severe mastitis from environmental pathogens?

A

endotoxemia/sepsis, fever, tachycardia, decreased rumen motility, scleral injection, & dehydration

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20
Q

what hematological/biochemical abnormalities are seen in animals with systemic disease due to severe clinical mastitis from environmental pathogens?

A

neutropenia

hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, mild azotemia, & transient hypophosphatemia

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21
Q

how are environmental pathogens causing mastitis transmitted? what are the reservoirs?

A

between milkings - iatrogenic!

bedding (sawdust - klelbsiella, straw bedding - environmental streptococci), fecal material, stagnant water (pseudomonas)

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22
Q

what are some common staph spp. that can cause mastitis?

A

s. chromogenes, s. hyicus, s. warneri, s. epidermis, etc

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23
Q

what are some uncommon pathogens that can cause mastitis?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa, arcaonbacter pyogenes, nocardia, mycoplasma bovis, mycobacterium sp, etc

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24
Q

what are some physical changes that may be seen in a food animal with mastitis?

A

inflammation - pain, heat, swelling, redness

altered secretion, dripping milk, gangrene, & emphysema

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25
Q

what are some reasons we may see increased somatic cell counts?

A

infection, inflammation, trauma, & low production

26
Q

what are some ways we are able to determine SCC of milk?

A

direct microscopy, california mastitis test, wisconsin mastitis test, & electronic counters

27
Q

what should be improved if you diagnose a cow with mastitis from corynebacterium bovis?

A

improve teat dipping efficacy in the program

28
Q

______ versus ______ may determine treatment plans for mastitis due to withdrawal periods

A

lactating

non-lactating

29
Q

what treatment is used for mastitis caused by s. aureus?

A

therapeutic cessation of lactation

strict segregation/culling/therapeutic cessation of lactation

unlikely to respond well to treatment during lactation - extended intramammary therapy may work

30
Q

what treatment is used for mastitis caused by s. agalactiae?

A

seen usually in the 1st 3rd to half of lactation - very responsive in the dry period - treat when they are not lactating!

31
Q

what is the treatment used for local disease seen in clinical mastitis?

A

frequent milk out & intramammary antibiotics

32
Q

what is dry cow therapy? what is the purpose of it?

A

long-acting antibiotics & teat sealers

prevent new infections from occurring & treat existing infections

33
Q

what treatment is used for animals with severe disease from clinical mastitis?

A

focus on countering septicemia & endotoxemia!!

fluid therapy, electrolytes, & correct acid-base abnormalities
antibiotics - local & systemic

34
Q

what salvage procedures are used for treating clinical mastitis?

A

teat amputation

chemical cessation of lactation

35
Q

what control measures are used for preventing mastitis caused by contagious pathogens?

A

teat dips

dry cow therapy

decrease potential for transmission

cull the chronics

don’t purchase older cows

pre-purchase screening can be done!

36
Q

what control measures are used for preventing mastitis caused by environmental pathogens?

A

decrease environmental contaminations

micromineral nutrition

decrease use of water in parlor

keep cows standing for 30 minutes after milking

vaccinate

teat dips

37
Q

how is milk cultured when testing for mastitis?

A

10-50 uL of fresh or thawed milk

spread evenly across media

incubate at 37°C for 24-48 hours

38
Q

what should be considered prior to pursuing treatment for subclinical disease caused by mastitis?

A

cost vs. benefit

untreated cure rate vs. treated cure rate

39
Q

T/F: for environmental pathogens causing mastitis, gram positive organisms will potentially have a response to teat dips while gram negatives do not

A

true

40
Q

T/F: for local disease caused by clinical mastitis, it was recommended to milk them out frequently, but no overall benefit was found in the treatment of clinical mastitis caused by environmental pathogens

A

true

41
Q

what are the goals of dry cow therapy?

A

prevent new infections during the early dry period

treat existing infections at dry off!!

external teat sealer - stronghold
internal teat sealer - orbeseal

42
Q

what iv fluid therapy should be started for a severely dehydrated cow from clinical mastitis?

A

40 ml/kg for the 1st hour

10-20 ml/kg/hr for the subsequent hours

43
Q

what are some local intramammary antibiotics used for treating local disease from mastitis?

A

cephapirin & amoximast

44
Q

what are some systemic antibiotics used for treating mastitis?

A

ceftiofur & oxytetracycline - treat sepsis!!

45
Q

what is the NMC 10 point plan for control of mastitis?

A
  1. establish goals for udder health
  2. proper milking procedures
  3. maintenance of a clean environment
  4. proper maintenance & use of milking equipment
  5. appropriate treatment of clinical mastitis during lactation
  6. effective dry cow management
  7. maintenance of biosecurity for contagious pathogens & culling of chronically infected cows
  8. good record keeping
  9. regular monitoring of udder health status
  10. periodic review of mastitis control program
46
Q

how do you decrease the potential of transmission of contagious pathogens causing mastitis in cows?

A

look at milking order!!! sickos go last

milking time hygiene

treatment of strep agalactiae

47
Q

what bedding options do you have for decreasing spread of environmental pathogens causing mastitis in cows?

A

sand, mattresses, & gyspeum

48
Q

what are your high risk groups for subclinical mastitis?

A

high SCC cows

older cows

49
Q

what should make up bulk tank surveillance for mastitis?

A

somatic cell counts

pre-pasteurization loop plate count

post-pasteurization loop plate count

contagious mastitis pathogen count

50
Q

what agent causes blue bag in sheep?

A

pasteurella spp!!! acute gangrenous mastitis - happens in periparturient & post-weaning moms

old path notes list s. aureus/mannheimia

51
Q

what kind of mastitis is caused by pastuerella in sheep?

A

often acute gangrenous mastitis

52
Q

what contagious pathogens cause mastitis in goats?

A

CAEV - retroviral mastitis

mycoplasma spp.

s. aureus - common, gangrenous mastitis!!!

strep. zooepidemicus

53
Q

T/F: in goats, their normal SCC is higher than cattle

A

true

54
Q

what are some clinical signs of mastitis in pigs?

A

crushed piglets & piglet illthrift

55
Q

what pigs are commonly affected by mastitis?

A

periparturient sows

56
Q

what environmental pathogen is known to cause mastitis in pigs?

A

streptococcus spp

57
Q

what are the most common pathogens causing mastitis in beef cattle?

A

staphylococcus aureus & environmental pathogens

58
Q

what are the consequences of mastitis in beef cattle?

A

decreased weaning weights

59
Q

how is mastitis detected in beef cattle?

A

physical exam

CMT

milk culture

60
Q

what is a negative CMT test for a cow? what about a goat?

A

cow - 0-200,000 SCC cells/mL

goat - 0-480,000 SCC cells/mL

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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