Exam 3 - Mastitis

Question 1

T/F: mastitis results in a high economic impact in the dairy industry & is a very important disease

Answer 1

true

Question 2

what are the clinical manifestations seen in mastitis? what about the nature of the pathogen?

Answer 2

subclinical or clinical (mild, moderate, or severe)

contagious or environmental

Question 3

what are the legal requirements for bulk tank measurements in regards to mastitis?

Answer 3

bulk tank somatic cell count - <750,000 cells/mL

bulk tank bacteria - <100,000 CFU/mL

Question 4

what are the 4 contagious pathogens commonly implicated in food animal mastitis?

Answer 4

1. staphylococcus aureus
2. streptococcus agalactiae
3. mycoplasma
4. corynebacterium bovis

Question 5

what is the most prevalent contagious pathogen causing mastitis in cows? what are the clinical signs associated with it?

Answer 5

staphylococcus aureus - most prevalent & often subclinical cases!

chronic infections with clinical flare-ups (occasional severe cases) with fluctuating SCC & bacterial counts

Question 6

T/F: in animals with streptococcus agalactiae mastitis animals, they are often subclinical & are unlikely to become systemic

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what are the clinical signs associated with streptococcus agalactiae mastitis?

Answer 7

persistently high SCC & bacterial counts

Question 8

______ _________ is an obligate pathogen of the bovine udder

Answer 8

streptococcus agalactiae

Question 9

what are the clinical signs associated with mycoplasma mastitis? what do you do with these cows?

Answer 9

multiple quarters are affected, arthritis, respiratory disease, decreased milk production with high SCC

transfer them to Jesus

Question 10

what are the economic impacts seen from mastitis?

Answer 10

decreased milk production/quality

penalties

mortality & replacement costs

milk discard

drugs & veterinary costs

Question 11

what contagious agent of mastitis is a primary streak canal colonizer?

Answer 11

corynebacterium bovis

Question 12

which contagious agent of mastitis is often used as an indicator of teat dip efficacy?

Answer 12

corynebacterium bovis

Question 13

what are the clinical signs associated with corynebacterium bovis mastitis?

Answer 13

mild increases in SCC

Question 14

what are your gram negative environmental pathogens that cause mastitis in food animals?

Answer 14

e. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter spp., citrobacter sp.

Question 15

what are your gram positive environmental pathogens that cause mastitis in food animals?

Answer 15

streptococcus uberis, streptococcus dysgalactiae, & enterococcus

Question 16

are the majority of environmental mastitis cases clinical or subclinical?

Answer 16

majority are subclinical! most are self-limiting!

occasional chronics with klebsiella, serratia, & streptococcus uberis

Question 17

when is the highest incidence seen of environmental agents causing mastitis in food animals?

Answer 17

late dry/early lactation!

Question 18

what animals are typically affected by severe systemic disease from mastitis? what agents are involved?

Answer 18

periparturient animals

gram negative pathogens!

Question 19

what clinical signs are seen in animals with systemic disease due to severe mastitis from environmental pathogens?

Answer 19

endotoxemia/sepsis, fever, tachycardia, decreased rumen motility, scleral injection, & dehydration

Question 20

what hematological/biochemical abnormalities are seen in animals with systemic disease due to severe clinical mastitis from environmental pathogens?

Answer 20

neutropenia

hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, mild azotemia, & transient hypophosphatemia

Question 21

how are environmental pathogens causing mastitis transmitted? what are the reservoirs?

Answer 21

between milkings - iatrogenic!

bedding (sawdust - klelbsiella, straw bedding - environmental streptococci), fecal material, stagnant water (pseudomonas)

Question 22

what are some common staph spp. that can cause mastitis?

Answer 22

s. chromogenes, s. hyicus, s. warneri, s. epidermis, etc

Question 23

what are some uncommon pathogens that can cause mastitis?

Answer 23

pseudomonas aeruginosa, arcaonbacter pyogenes, nocardia, mycoplasma bovis, mycobacterium sp, etc

Question 24

what are some physical changes that may be seen in a food animal with mastitis?

Answer 24

inflammation - pain, heat, swelling, redness

altered secretion, dripping milk, gangrene, & emphysema

Question 25

what are some reasons we may see increased somatic cell counts?

Answer 25

infection, inflammation, trauma, & low production

Question 26

what are some ways we are able to determine SCC of milk?

Answer 26

direct microscopy, california mastitis test, wisconsin mastitis test, & electronic counters

Question 27

what should be improved if you diagnose a cow with mastitis from corynebacterium bovis?

Answer 27

improve teat dipping efficacy in the program

Question 28

______ versus ______ may determine treatment plans for mastitis due to withdrawal periods

Answer 28

lactating non-lactating

Question 29

what treatment is used for mastitis caused by s. aureus?

Answer 29

therapeutic cessation of lactation strict segregation/culling/therapeutic cessation of lactation unlikely to respond well to treatment during lactation - extended intramammary therapy may work

Question 30

what treatment is used for mastitis caused by s. agalactiae?

Answer 30

seen usually in the 1st 3rd to half of lactation - very responsive in the dry period - treat when they are not lactating!

Question 31

what is the treatment used for local disease seen in clinical mastitis?

Answer 31

frequent milk out & intramammary antibiotics

Question 32

what is dry cow therapy? what is the purpose of it?

Answer 32

long-acting antibiotics & teat sealers prevent new infections from occurring & treat existing infections

Question 33

what treatment is used for animals with severe disease from clinical mastitis?

Answer 33

focus on countering septicemia & endotoxemia!! fluid therapy, electrolytes, & correct acid-base abnormalities antibiotics - local & systemic

Question 34

what salvage procedures are used for treating clinical mastitis?

Answer 34

teat amputation chemical cessation of lactation

Question 35

what control measures are used for preventing mastitis caused by contagious pathogens?

Answer 35

teat dips dry cow therapy decrease potential for transmission cull the chronics don't purchase older cows pre-purchase screening can be done!

Question 36

what control measures are used for preventing mastitis caused by environmental pathogens?

Answer 36

decrease environmental contaminations micromineral nutrition decrease use of water in parlor keep cows standing for 30 minutes after milking vaccinate teat dips

Question 37

how is milk cultured when testing for mastitis?

Answer 37

10-50 uL of fresh or thawed milk spread evenly across media incubate at 37°C for 24-48 hours

Question 38

what should be considered prior to pursuing treatment for subclinical disease caused by mastitis?

Answer 38

cost vs. benefit untreated cure rate vs. treated cure rate

Question 39

T/F: for environmental pathogens causing mastitis, gram positive organisms will potentially have a response to teat dips while gram negatives do not

Answer 39

true

Question 40

T/F: for local disease caused by clinical mastitis, it was recommended to milk them out frequently, but no overall benefit was found in the treatment of clinical mastitis caused by environmental pathogens

Answer 40

true

Question 41

what are the goals of dry cow therapy?

Answer 41

prevent new infections during the early dry period treat existing infections at dry off!! external teat sealer - stronghold internal teat sealer - orbeseal

Question 42

what iv fluid therapy should be started for a severely dehydrated cow from clinical mastitis?

Answer 42

40 ml/kg for the 1st hour 10-20 ml/kg/hr for the subsequent hours

Question 43

what are some local intramammary antibiotics used for treating local disease from mastitis?

Answer 43

cephapirin & amoximast

Question 44

what are some systemic antibiotics used for treating mastitis?

Answer 44

ceftiofur & oxytetracycline - treat sepsis!!

Question 45

what is the NMC 10 point plan for control of mastitis?

Answer 45

1. establish goals for udder health 2. proper milking procedures 3. maintenance of a clean environment 4. proper maintenance & use of milking equipment 5. appropriate treatment of clinical mastitis during lactation 6. effective dry cow management 7. maintenance of biosecurity for contagious pathogens & culling of chronically infected cows 8. good record keeping 9. regular monitoring of udder health status 10. periodic review of mastitis control program

Question 46

how do you decrease the potential of transmission of contagious pathogens causing mastitis in cows?

Answer 46

look at milking order!!! sickos go last milking time hygiene treatment of strep agalactiae

Question 47

what bedding options do you have for decreasing spread of environmental pathogens causing mastitis in cows?

Answer 47

sand, mattresses, & gyspeum

Question 48

what are your high risk groups for subclinical mastitis?

Answer 48

high SCC cows older cows

Question 49

what should make up bulk tank surveillance for mastitis?

Answer 49

somatic cell counts pre-pasteurization loop plate count post-pasteurization loop plate count contagious mastitis pathogen count

Question 50

what agent causes blue bag in sheep?

Answer 50

pasteurella spp!!! acute gangrenous mastitis - happens in periparturient & post-weaning moms old path notes list s. aureus/mannheimia

Question 51

what kind of mastitis is caused by pastuerella in sheep?

Answer 51

often acute gangrenous mastitis

Question 52

what contagious pathogens cause mastitis in goats?

Answer 52

CAEV - retroviral mastitis mycoplasma spp. s. aureus - common, gangrenous mastitis!!! strep. zooepidemicus

Question 53

T/F: in goats, their normal SCC is higher than cattle

Answer 53

true

Question 54

what are some clinical signs of mastitis in pigs?

Answer 54

crushed piglets & piglet illthrift

Question 55

what pigs are commonly affected by mastitis?

Answer 55

periparturient sows

Question 56

what environmental pathogen is known to cause mastitis in pigs?

Answer 56

streptococcus spp

Question 57

what are the most common pathogens causing mastitis in beef cattle?

Answer 57

staphylococcus aureus & environmental pathogens

Question 58

what are the consequences of mastitis in beef cattle?

Answer 58

decreased weaning weights

Question 59

how is mastitis detected in beef cattle?

Answer 59

physical exam CMT milk culture

Question 60

what is a negative CMT test for a cow? what about a goat?

Answer 60

cow - 0-200,000 SCC cells/mL goat - 0-480,000 SCC cells/mL