Exam 3 - Male Evaluation Flashcards by Madeleine Swindell

what is the main difference between breeding soundness exams of bulls & stallions?

for bulls - looking to see if we need to cull them potentially, done around puberty

horses - we don’t cull stallions, looking to find their limitations & how to work around them

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what are some indications for performing a breeding soundness exam on a male animal?

done prior to a sale

prior to breeding season

identify & diagnose infertile/subfertile males - eliminate from the breeding program temporarily or permanently

provide management options

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what is the justification for performing breeding soundness exams on bulls?

larger testes & >70% sperm versus random bulls - increased pregnancy rates

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what should make up the history portion in a breeding soundness exam?

previous breeding performance

illness/injury

vaccinations

medications

animal use & management of that animal

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what is important to pay attention to in your physical exam of bulls for breeding soundness exams?

body condition

rear leg conformation

sight

ambulation

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what can you not evaluate in bulls when using an electro-ejaculator for in breeding soundness exams?

can’t observe sexual behavior & mating ability!!

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why is his pp owie?

penile fracture - trauma to the sigmoid flexure

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what is this man palpating in this testicle? how do you know?

man is feeling the tail of the epididymis located ventrally!

body of the epididymis is medial & head is located laterally

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why do his balls hurt?

scrotal dermatitis - so big they drag on the nasty ground!

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what is wrong with these balls?

left - asymmetrical

right - testicular hypoplasia

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where is the primary reproductive pathology located in the bull?

seminal vesiculitis

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T/F: a bull with a persistent frenulum could have a normal sperm evaluation & not be able to get a cow pregnant

true

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what is this?

persistent frenulum

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what is this?

fibropapilloma on a pp

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what is the difference between gross semen evaluation & diluted semen evaluation?

gross - low power looking at group motility

diluted - high power looking at individual motility

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how is gross semen evaluation graded?

very good - vigorous swirls & eddies

good - slow swirls & eddies

fair - no waves of movement, some cells moving

poor - very slow & erratic motion

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what are major/primary defects in regards to sperm?

defects that originate in the testicles themselves

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what are minor/secondary defects in regards to sperm?

defects that happen after the sperm leaves the testicles

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what are tertiary defects in regards to sperm?

iatrogenic - ones we induce (cold shock, semen processing)

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what is the fertility & repeatability correlation in regards to morphology?

moderate correlation for fertility & high repeatability

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what causes detached sperm heads?

can be either a major or minor defect

if major - abnormal heads/midpieces, & proximal droplets from abnormal production in the testicles

if minor - accumulator condition, normal detached heads, abaxial tails, distal midpiece reflex, distal droplet from where the sperm abnormally accumulate in the ampulla which causes the heads to detach

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what are the SFT guidelines for bulls?

scrotal circumference (age dependent) - minimum of 30 cm

gross motility - fair minimum

individual motility - 30% minimum

morphology - 70% normal

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according to SFT classifications, what makes a bull a satisfactory potential breeder?

equals or surpasses all minimum thresholds:

scrotal circumference, sperm motility, & sperm morphology

no evidence of breeding-related abnormalities:

genetic, infectious, & anatomical

LIBIDO ISN’T EVALUATED

according to SFT classifications, what makes a bull a unsatisfactory potential breeder?

below ONE or MORE of the minimum thresholds:

unlikely to improve, genetic faults, & irreversible physical abnormalities that compromise breeding/fertility

according to SFT classifications, what makes a bull classification deferred? what are some examples of animals that may be classified this way?

does not fit satisfactory/unsatisfactory categories & is likely to show improvement immature yearlings (large number of abnormal sperm) unobtainable ejaculate treatable physical defects re-examine if any doubt of classification treatable physical defects

what abnormalities are you looking for in your physical exam for conformation of a ram?

post-legged animal, foot rot, foot abscesses

what BCS is satisfactory for rams?

BCS 3/4

what is the name of the little wormy thing at the end of this wiener? is it normal?

filiform appendage (urethral process) - yes, anatomically normal

T/F: chorioptic mange is reportable in sheep

true

what is an unsatisfactory classification for a ram for BSE?

anyone unsatisfactory rating - cull or treat & retest

what is a questionable classification for a ram for BSE?

any one questionable rating - may breed a limited number of ewes cull or treat & retest

what is a satisfactory classification for a ram for BSE?

does not fit unsatisfactory or questionable categories - can breed at least 50 ewes in a 60 day breeding program

what is an exceptional classification for a ram for BSE?

exceptional rating in all parameters

what are the goals of a BSE in a stallion?

determine its capability to achieve more than 75% of a successful pregnancy rate used to be 40-45 mares by natural service - 120 mares by artificial insemination

do we get to see libido in evaluation of a stallion for a BSE?

yup - expose them to a mare

how are testicles measured on a stallion?

use of calipers & ultrasound - measure length, width, & height

when do stallions reach sexual maturity?

5-7 years of age

what is the minimum testicular scrotal width allowable for 3 year old stallions?

8 cm

what microbiology parameters are evaluated in a BSE of a stallion?

pre-wash of the fossa glandis, shaft, & prepuce post-wash of the urethra - sample taken for a culture post-ejaculation cultures from the urethra & semen want to know what kind of commensal bacteria are hanging out (wanting gram positive) & need to know if bad gram negative bacteria are there (e. coli or pseudomonas species)

what is the primary site for internal genital infections in stallions & bulls?

seminal vesicles - this is why we take a post ejaculation culture

how is semen evaluation done in stallions?

remove the gel fraction, look at gross appearance, measure the gel free volume, & get the concentration

why are 2 ejaculates taken 1 hour apart from stallions for a BSE? what is measured?

1st - doing to see what sperm they have stored up there, total sperm number is usually 1/2 of what we normally see in the 2nd take 2nd - better quality sample & more representative of what the horse normally produces volume, total sperm number, morphology/motility

what is evaluated in diluted semen in extender of stallions?

motility - total & progressive morphology

what does PMMN mean in regards to a stallion BSE?

progressively motile & morphologically normal sperm

what is a satisfactory classification for a stallion BSE from SFT?

no significant abnormalities - physical, behavioral, & heritable two ejaculates, 1 hour apart - 1 billion PMMN in 2nd ejaculate, 60% progressive motility & normal morphology

what is a questionable classification for a stallion BSE from SFT?

borderline in 2 or more criteria

what is an unsatisfactory classification for a stallion BSE from SFT?

very low in 2 or more criteria serious physical shortcomings heritable defects

where is the preputial diverticulum located in boars? why clean this out prior to collecting semen?

pocket on the dorsal wall of the penis that contains smegma/urine - it can contaminate your semen sample it can also catch the penis, so you may have to manually exteriorize it

T/F: in boars, lameness is a major cause of decreased breeding performance, so it is important to evaluate as part of the physical exam portion of a BSE

true

what animal has the largest semen volume of all domestic species?

boars

what is the daily sperm output of boars between 8-12 months of age?

10-12 billion sperm a day

what is the number of sperm seen in sexually rested young boars?

15-30 billion sperm

why are numbers of sperm variable in boars?

depends on age & frequency of ejaculation

what is the normal sperm concentration & volume output of boars?

concentration - 50-500 X 10^6 volume - 70-500 mL

what disclaimer should you use on the examination report for a male BSE? why?

'at this time' - can be normal today & ill tomorrow!!! fertility can only be determined by mating of an adequate number of normal females under good management conditions

what is the only way in which we can determine fertility of a male animal?

fertility can only be determined by mating of an adequate number of normal females under good management conditions

we are not looking at ________ in bulls because we use an electro-ejaculator but we do evaluate mating ability when using an _______ __________

libido artificial vagina