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LA DX & TX II > Exam 3 - Male Evaluation > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Male Evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main difference between breeding soundness exams of bulls & stallions?

A

for bulls - looking to see if we need to cull them potentially, done around puberty

horses - we don’t cull stallions, looking to find their limitations & how to work around them

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2
Q

what are some indications for performing a breeding soundness exam on a male animal?

A

done prior to a sale

prior to breeding season

identify & diagnose infertile/subfertile males - eliminate from the breeding program temporarily or permanently

provide management options

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3
Q

what is the justification for performing breeding soundness exams on bulls?

A

larger testes & >70% sperm versus random bulls - increased pregnancy rates

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4
Q

what should make up the history portion in a breeding soundness exam?

A

previous breeding performance

illness/injury

vaccinations

medications

animal use & management of that animal

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5
Q

what is important to pay attention to in your physical exam of bulls for breeding soundness exams?

A

body condition

rear leg conformation

sight

ambulation

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6
Q

what can you not evaluate in bulls when using an electro-ejaculator for in breeding soundness exams?

A

can’t observe sexual behavior & mating ability!!

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7
Q

why is his pp owie?

A

penile fracture - trauma to the sigmoid flexure

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8
Q

what is this man palpating in this testicle? how do you know?

A

man is feeling the tail of the epididymis located ventrally!

body of the epididymis is medial & head is located laterally

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9
Q

why do his balls hurt?

A

scrotal dermatitis - so big they drag on the nasty ground!

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10
Q

what is wrong with these balls?

A

left - asymmetrical

right - testicular hypoplasia

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11
Q

where is the primary reproductive pathology located in the bull?

A

seminal vesiculitis

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12
Q

T/F: a bull with a persistent frenulum could have a normal sperm evaluation & not be able to get a cow pregnant

A

true

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13
Q

what is this?

A

persistent frenulum

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14
Q

what is this?

A

fibropapilloma on a pp

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15
Q

what is the difference between gross semen evaluation & diluted semen evaluation?

A

gross - low power looking at group motility

diluted - high power looking at individual motility

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16
Q

how is gross semen evaluation graded?

A

very good - vigorous swirls & eddies

good - slow swirls & eddies

fair - no waves of movement, some cells moving

poor - very slow & erratic motion

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17
Q

what are major/primary defects in regards to sperm?

A

defects that originate in the testicles themselves

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18
Q

what are minor/secondary defects in regards to sperm?

A

defects that happen after the sperm leaves the testicles

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19
Q

what are tertiary defects in regards to sperm?

A

iatrogenic - ones we induce (cold shock, semen processing)

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20
Q

what is the fertility & repeatability correlation in regards to morphology?

A

moderate correlation for fertility & high repeatability

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21
Q

what causes detached sperm heads?

A

can be either a major or minor defect

if major - abnormal heads/midpieces, & proximal droplets from abnormal production in the testicles

if minor - accumulator condition, normal detached heads, abaxial tails, distal midpiece reflex, distal droplet from where the sperm abnormally accumulate in the ampulla which causes the heads to detach

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22
Q

what are the SFT guidelines for bulls?

A

scrotal circumference (age dependent) - minimum of 30 cm

gross motility - fair minimum

individual motility - 30% minimum

morphology - 70% normal

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23
Q

according to SFT classifications, what makes a bull a satisfactory potential breeder?

A

equals or surpasses all minimum thresholds:

scrotal circumference, sperm motility, & sperm morphology

no evidence of breeding-related abnormalities:

genetic, infectious, & anatomical

LIBIDO ISN’T EVALUATED

24
Q

according to SFT classifications, what makes a bull a unsatisfactory potential breeder?

A

below ONE or MORE of the minimum thresholds:

unlikely to improve, genetic faults, & irreversible physical abnormalities that compromise breeding/fertility

25
Q

according to SFT classifications, what makes a bull classification deferred? what are some examples of animals that may be classified this way?

A

does not fit satisfactory/unsatisfactory categories & is likely to show improvement

immature yearlings (large number of abnormal sperm)

unobtainable ejaculate

treatable physical defects

re-examine if any doubt of classification
treatable physical defects

26
Q

what abnormalities are you looking for in your physical exam for conformation of a ram?

A

post-legged animal, foot rot, foot abscesses

27
Q

what BCS is satisfactory for rams?

A

BCS 3/4

28
Q

what is the name of the little wormy thing at the end of this wiener? is it normal?

A

filiform appendage (urethral process) - yes, anatomically normal

29
Q

T/F: chorioptic mange is reportable in sheep

A

true

30
Q

what is an unsatisfactory classification for a ram for BSE?

A

anyone unsatisfactory rating - cull or treat & retest

31
Q

what is a questionable classification for a ram for BSE?

A

any one questionable rating - may breed a limited number of ewes

cull or treat & retest

32
Q

what is a satisfactory classification for a ram for BSE?

A

does not fit unsatisfactory or questionable categories - can breed at least 50 ewes in a 60 day breeding program

33
Q

what is an exceptional classification for a ram for BSE?

A

exceptional rating in all parameters

34
Q

what are the goals of a BSE in a stallion?

A

determine its capability to achieve more than 75% of a successful pregnancy rate

used to be 40-45 mares by natural service - 120 mares by artificial insemination

35
Q

do we get to see libido in evaluation of a stallion for a BSE?

A

yup - expose them to a mare

36
Q

how are testicles measured on a stallion?

A

use of calipers & ultrasound - measure length, width, & height

37
Q

when do stallions reach sexual maturity?

A

5-7 years of age

38
Q

what is the minimum testicular scrotal width allowable for 3 year old stallions?

A

8 cm

39
Q

what microbiology parameters are evaluated in a BSE of a stallion?

A

pre-wash of the fossa glandis, shaft, & prepuce

post-wash of the urethra - sample taken for a culture

post-ejaculation cultures from the urethra & semen

want to know what kind of commensal bacteria are hanging out (wanting gram positive) & need to know if bad gram negative bacteria are there (e. coli or pseudomonas species)

40
Q

what is the primary site for internal genital infections in stallions & bulls?

A

seminal vesicles - this is why we take a post ejaculation culture

41
Q

how is semen evaluation done in stallions?

A

remove the gel fraction, look at gross appearance, measure the gel free volume, & get the concentration

42
Q

why are 2 ejaculates taken 1 hour apart from stallions for a BSE? what is measured?

A

1st - doing to see what sperm they have stored up there, total sperm number is usually 1/2 of what we normally see in the 2nd take

2nd - better quality sample & more representative of what the horse normally produces

volume, total sperm number, morphology/motility

43
Q

what is evaluated in diluted semen in extender of stallions?

A

motility - total & progressive

morphology

44
Q

what does PMMN mean in regards to a stallion BSE?

A

progressively motile & morphologically normal sperm

45
Q

what is a satisfactory classification for a stallion BSE from SFT?

A

no significant abnormalities - physical, behavioral, & heritable

two ejaculates, 1 hour apart - 1 billion PMMN in 2nd ejaculate, 60% progressive motility & normal morphology

46
Q

what is a questionable classification for a stallion BSE from SFT?

A

borderline in 2 or more criteria

47
Q

what is an unsatisfactory classification for a stallion BSE from SFT?

A

very low in 2 or more criteria

serious physical shortcomings

heritable defects

48
Q

where is the preputial diverticulum located in boars? why clean this out prior to collecting semen?

A

pocket on the dorsal wall of the penis that contains smegma/urine - it can contaminate your semen sample

it can also catch the penis, so you may have to manually exteriorize it

49
Q

T/F: in boars, lameness is a major cause of decreased breeding performance, so it is important to evaluate as part of the physical exam portion of a BSE

A

true

50
Q

what animal has the largest semen volume of all domestic species?

A

boars

51
Q

what is the daily sperm output of boars between 8-12 months of age?

A

10-12 billion sperm a day

52
Q

what is the number of sperm seen in sexually rested young boars?

A

15-30 billion sperm

53
Q

why are numbers of sperm variable in boars?

A

depends on age & frequency of ejaculation

54
Q

what is the normal sperm concentration & volume output of boars?

A

concentration - 50-500 X 10^6

volume - 70-500 mL

55
Q

what disclaimer should you use on the examination report for a male BSE? why?

A

‘at this time’ - can be normal today & ill tomorrow!!!

fertility can only be determined by mating of an adequate number of normal females under good management conditions

56
Q

what is the only way in which we can determine fertility of a male animal?

A

fertility can only be determined by mating of an adequate number of normal females under good management conditions

57
Q

we are not looking at ________ in bulls because we use an electro-ejaculator but we do evaluate mating ability when using an _______ __________

A

libido

artificial vagina

LA DX & TX II (44 decks)

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