Exam 2 - Food Animal Anemia

Question 1

if an animal presents with suspected anemia & has a normal total protein & low PCV, this indicates what type of anemia?

Answer 1

destructive - hemolytic anemia (can be intravascular or extravascular)

Question 2

if an animal presents with suspected anemia & has a low total protein & low PCV, this indicates what type of anemia?

Answer 2

blood loss anemia - animal is losing blood somewhere

Question 3

why do a CBC on a food animal presenting with anemia?

Answer 3

looking for evidence of regenerative or non-regenerative anemia

Question 4

anemia due to lack of production of RBC is ___-____________

Answer 4

non-regenerative

Question 5

what are some signs indicative of regenerative anemia seen on blood smears?

Answer 5

polychromasia, anisocytosis, maybe nucleated RBC

Question 6

anemia is due to one of what 3 mechanisms?

Answer 6

loss of rbc - hemorrhage/blood loss

destruction - hemolysis

decreased production in RBC - bone marrow disease or suppression

Question 7

what are some clinical signs of anemia seen in ruminants?

Answer 7

pale mucus membranes, icterus, discolored urine (red, port wine, discolored), lethargy/weakness, anorexia, & decreased milk production

Question 8

a low PCV with a low total protein indicates what type of anemia?

Answer 8

blood loss/hemorrhage

Question 9

a low PCV with a normal total protein indicates what type of anemia?

Answer 9

hemolysis

Question 10

what are some examples of external & internal blood loss causing anemia?

Answer 10

external - post-dehorning/castration complications (may be complicated by ingestion of moldy sweet clover) & ectoparasites (lice & ticks)

internal - parasites (haemonchus!!), ulcers, & post castration where the artery snaps back up into the abdomen

Question 11

adult ruminants with bleeding disorders are ______ disorders & young animals with bleeding disorders are ______ disorders

Answer 11

acquired

inherited

Question 12

what are some clinical signs seen in ruminants with bleeding disorders?

Answer 12

petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages - platelet disorder or clotting factor defect

bleeding into body cavities

hematomas

Question 13

moldy sweet clover is a ______ _ antagonist

Answer 13

vitamin k

Question 14

what is the pathogenesis of DIC?

Answer 14

coagulation factors & platelets are consumed in systemic inflammatory condition

activates coagulation cascade

leads to thrombosis, ischemia, & necrosis

Question 15

what cows are predisposed to inheriting abnormal platelet function?

Answer 15

simmental cattle

Question 16

what are some examples of inherited factor deficiencies seen in ruminants?

Answer 16

hemophilia A (VIII), factor XI, & VWD

Question 17

what are some acquired causes of thrombocytopenia seen in ruminants?

Answer 17

bracken fern, BVD, & furizolidone (which is illegal for food animal use)

Question 18

when presented with an anemic animal, when deciding whether or not to transfuse, what is it dependent on?

Answer 18

upon the rate in which the animal became anemic & the stability of the patient & the likelihood that additional stress may lead to death

Question 19

what blood product is used for calves with FPT? who is the best donor for the calf?

Answer 19

whole blood - 2L can be safely given to a 45kg calf

mom is the best donor

Question 20

T/F: transfusion reactions in ruminants are very rare

Answer 20

true

Question 21

what rate is a blood transfusion started at for ruminants? how is it continued?

Answer 21

first 10 minutes is 0.5mL/kg

follow with 10ml/kg/hr

Question 22

how much blood can be safely removed acutely from a donor animal?

Answer 22

10-15ml/kg

Question 23

what is the anticoagulant of choice when collecting blood from a donor animal?

Answer 23

sodium citrate - 1 part sodium citrate to 9 parts blood

Question 24

what is the equation used for calculating how much blood to give to an anemic ruminant?

Answer 24

BW(kg) X 0.1 X ((PCV desired - PCV of the patient) / (PCV of the donor) = L of blood needed

Question 25

how many red blood cells remain after the 4th day of a transfusion?

Answer 25

25%

Question 26

what is needed for long term storage of blood products?

Answer 26

acid citrate dextrose

Question 27

what are some causes of intravascular hemolysis in ruminants?

Answer 27

rape grass

clostridium haemolyticum - these animals die

water intoxication

leptosporosis

copper toxicity

Question 28

what are some causes of extravascular hemolysis in ruminants?

Answer 28

anaplasmosis & mycoplasma spp.

Question 29

what are some characteristics of anemia of chronic disease?

Answer 29

mild anemia (mild to moderately low PCV), albumin to globulin ratio <0.5, little to no reticulocytes, microcytic, and/or hypochromic

globulins increased in production due to the infection & albumin is put on the back burner

Question 30

what is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia in ruminants?

Answer 30

parasitism

Question 31

what is the most common cause on non-regenerative anemia in ruminants?

Answer 31

anemia of chronic disease - slow burning infection, walled-off abscess

Question 32

what are some causes of non-regenerative anemia in ruminants?

Answer 32

anemia of chronic disease

chronic renal failure - decreased erythropoietin

iron deficiency anemia from chronic parasitism (blood loss)

BVDV

lymphosarcoma

brackenfern

Question 33

what ancillary diagnostics can be used when working up an anemic ruminant?

Answer 33

CBC/fibrinogen, chemistry, PT/PTT, clotting factors, fecal, occult blood, urinalysis, & ultrasound

Question 34

what are the 2 most common causes of non-regenerative anemia in ruminants?

Answer 34

1. anemia of chronic disease
2. iron deficiency anemia due to chronic parasitism (blood loss)