Exam 2 - Food Animal Anemia Flashcards
if an animal presents with suspected anemia & has a normal total protein & low PCV, this indicates what type of anemia?
destructive - hemolytic anemia (can be intravascular or extravascular)
if an animal presents with suspected anemia & has a low total protein & low PCV, this indicates what type of anemia?
blood loss anemia - animal is losing blood somewhere
why do a CBC on a food animal presenting with anemia?
looking for evidence of regenerative or non-regenerative anemia
anemia due to lack of production of RBC is ___-____________
non-regenerative
what are some signs indicative of regenerative anemia seen on blood smears?
polychromasia, anisocytosis, maybe nucleated RBC
anemia is due to one of what 3 mechanisms?
loss of rbc - hemorrhage/blood loss
destruction - hemolysis
decreased production in RBC - bone marrow disease or suppression
what are some clinical signs of anemia seen in ruminants?
pale mucus membranes, icterus, discolored urine (red, port wine, discolored), lethargy/weakness, anorexia, & decreased milk production
a low PCV with a low total protein indicates what type of anemia?
blood loss/hemorrhage
a low PCV with a normal total protein indicates what type of anemia?
hemolysis
what are some examples of external & internal blood loss causing anemia?
external - post-dehorning/castration complications (may be complicated by ingestion of moldy sweet clover) & ectoparasites (lice & ticks)
internal - parasites (haemonchus!!), ulcers, & post castration where the artery snaps back up into the abdomen
adult ruminants with bleeding disorders are ______ disorders & young animals with bleeding disorders are ______ disorders
acquired
inherited
what are some clinical signs seen in ruminants with bleeding disorders?
petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages - platelet disorder or clotting factor defect
bleeding into body cavities
hematomas
moldy sweet clover is a ______ _ antagonist
vitamin k
what is the pathogenesis of DIC?
coagulation factors & platelets are consumed in systemic inflammatory condition
activates coagulation cascade
leads to thrombosis, ischemia, & necrosis
what cows are predisposed to inheriting abnormal platelet function?
simmental cattle
what are some examples of inherited factor deficiencies seen in ruminants?
hemophilia A (VIII), factor XI, & VWD
what are some acquired causes of thrombocytopenia seen in ruminants?
bracken fern, BVD, & furizolidone (which is illegal for food animal use)
when presented with an anemic animal, when deciding whether or not to transfuse, what is it dependent on?
upon the rate in which the animal became anemic & the stability of the patient & the likelihood that additional stress may lead to death
what blood product is used for calves with FPT? who is the best donor for the calf?
whole blood - 2L can be safely given to a 45kg calf
mom is the best donor
T/F: transfusion reactions in ruminants are very rare
true
what rate is a blood transfusion started at for ruminants? how is it continued?
first 10 minutes is 0.5mL/kg
follow with 10ml/kg/hr
how much blood can be safely removed acutely from a donor animal?
10-15ml/kg
what is the anticoagulant of choice when collecting blood from a donor animal?
sodium citrate - 1 part sodium citrate to 9 parts blood
what is the equation used for calculating how much blood to give to an anemic ruminant?
BW(kg) X 0.1 X ((PCV desired - PCV of the patient) / (PCV of the donor) = L of blood needed
