Final exam 3-4 Flashcards
the cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system.
Neurons
branches at the end of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.
(dendrites
the large central region of a neuron that performs the basic activities, including the production of energy, to keep the neuron functional.
, cell body(soma)
the part of the neuron that carries information toward other neurons.
axon
a protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the axon
myelin sheath
a gap between two connecting neurons
Synapse
the release, or firing, of an electrical impulse that travels through the axon. ( – Flow order through the neuron)
Action Potential
chemical messengers that travel across synapses from one neuron to the next
Neurotransmitters
- the brain and the spinal cord. All communication with the brain must move through the
- the neurons that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body.
Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system
.is the part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the parts of the body you control voluntarily.
1.One you think about the other you dont
Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system
- helps your body “turn up” in response to stressors by widening your pupils, increasing your heart rate, and increasing your breathing rate.
- helps your body “turn down” when the stressors decrease by returning all of your body parts to their resting state.
Sympathetic nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system
the ability of the brain to adapt its structure or function in response to damage or experience.
Plasticity
is the part of the brain that connects to the spine and controls the functions most essential to staying alive
Brainstem
s to monitor and regulate motor behavior without any need for conscious awareness.
Cerebellum
a transmits signals between the spinal cord and higher brain levels, as well as housing nuclei that are centers for the automatic and involuntary behaviors.
Medulla
a cluster of brain areas involved primarily in emotion.: fleeing, fighting, feeding, and, um, sexual intercourse
Limbic System
Is the part of the limbic system involved in maintaining steadiness in maintaining steadiness in bodily functions
Hypothalamus
is the part of the limbic system involved in memory, especially spatial memory and long-term memory.
Hippocampus
is the part of the limbic system involved most directly in emotion, especially fear.
Amygdala
the brain’s main sensory processing center, located near the center of the brain. Directs the information you take in through your eyes, ears, mouth, and skin to other parts of your brain for further processing.
Thalamus
Is the upper front part of the brain, which consists of two hemispheres and is involved in sophisticated, often uniquely human, abilities.
Cerebral Cortex
Your left cerebral hemisphere is paired with the right half of your body, and your right cerebral hemisphere is paired with the left half of your body. The bundle of neurons that connects and allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres.
Left and Right Hemispheres
- is involved in complex thinking tasks, planning, and other advanced functions, most of which are unique to humans.
- is involved in touch and perception.
- is involved in hearing and speech production.
- is involved in vision
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
- the strip of brain matter near the back of the frontal lobe involved in voluntary movement.
- a strip of brain matter near the front of the parietal lobe involved in receiving information from the senses.
motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
a way of processing information in which your expectations or previous experiences influence what you perceive.( when you sit at “your” table in your favorite old restaurant and order the usual from the server who knows you by name)
Top-down processing
a way of processing information in which what you sense becomes a perception with no influence of expectations or previous experiences.(when you visit a new restaurant that features tastes, smells, sights, and sounds from a part of the world you’ve never seen)
Bottom-up processing
the minimum level of a stimulus necessary for you to detect its presence at least half of the time
Absolute Threshold
the smallest change in a stimulus necessary for you to detect it at least half of the time.
Difference Threshold
the tendency of your sensation of a stimulus to decrease when the stimulus remains constant. Get use to your surrounding like getting use to snore .
Sensory Adaptation
the ability of your brain to interpret the raw sensations it has taken in.is your brain’s ability to translate the sights, sounds, and smells into something meaningful or understandable.
. Perception
paying more attention to one sensory channel than others.( Like focusing on your friend’s voice when they are talking.)
Selective attention
your brain’s ability to maintain the same perception of an object even when conditions around it cause it to produce different sensations
Perceptual constancies
a failure to notice changes in your visual field simply because you expect otherwise.( In a very short time, you could fail to see something important and potentially dangerous.)
Inattentional blindness
the rear part of the eyeball that receives visual stimulation and sends it to the brain via the optic nerve.( a screen at the back of your eye.)
retina
are receptor cells in the retina that detect shades of gray and allow us to see in low light
rods
are receptor cells in the retina that detect color when light is plentiful.
cones
an explanation of color vision based on the idea that your cones are specialized to sense either red, green, or blue.
Trichromatic Theory
An explanation of color vision based on the idea that your visual system is specialized to sense specific opposite pairs of colors (like red-green or blue-yellow)
Opponent Process Theory
a spiral fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that sends sound waves to the brain via the auditory nerve. Vibrations of cochlear fluid are the final step of hearing within the ear.
cochlea
is your sense of smell.
Smell / Olfaction
is your sense of taste
Taste / Gustation
is your sense of the position and movement of your body parts
Kinesthetic
your sense of balance.
Vestibular
