Chapter 12 Flashcards
is a person’s distinctive and stable way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Personality
is an explanation of personality, based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious forces and early childhood experiences.
Psychodynamic Theory of Personality, Freud
mental activity of which the person is unaware
Unconscious
verbal or behavioral mistakes that reveal unconscious thoughts or wishes.
Freudian slips
the animalistic part of the mind that generates our most primal, biologically based impulses such as sex and aggression.
id
the part of the mind that serves as a realistic mediator between the id and superego. Its task is to find ways to satisfy both the id and the superego, while also meeting the demands of the real world
ego
the part of the mind that opposes the id by enforcing rules, restrictions, and morality. A toddler who yanks a toy out of another child’s hand may be told disapprovingly by a parent
superego
techniques used by the ego to manage conflict between the id and superego.
defense mechanisms
Hides your id impulse in the unconscious to keep you unaware of it
You have an id impulse to insult your parent, but it never reaches consciousness.
repression
Blocks external events from consciousness because they are too threatening
You learn that your good friend has a fatal disease but act as if everything is OK.
denial
Redirects the id impulse toward a safer target in order to minimize the consequences to you
You have an id impulse to scream at your supervisor, but instead you scream at your dog.
displacement
Redirects the id impulse in a way that actually benefits others
You have an id impulse to hurt other people, so you become a soldier who can do so for the sake of national security.
sublimation
which takes place from birth to about 18 months and focuses on the psychological consequences of feeding behavior. ( Babies learn what to expect from others by the way their parents respond to their need for food)
Oral stage
which lasts from about age 18 months to about age 3, and focuses on the psychological consequences of toilet training. Toilet training is all about control.
anal stage
which runs from approximately 3 to 6 years old and focuses on the psychological consequences of attraction to the opposite-sex parent. believed preschool-aged children strive to have a special relationship with their opposite-sex parent, but see their same-sex parent as a rival.
phallic stage
the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills. elementary school years,
latency stage
Freud’s last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence). lasts from puberty through adulthood and focuses on mature, adult sexual relationships.
genital stage
can occur: a lingering psychological problem directly related to unsuccessful experience of a particular psychosexual stage.
Fixation
the childhood experience of desiring the mother and resenting the father.
Oedipus complex
the childhood experience of desiring the father and resenting the mother.
Electra complex
based on the ideas of Carl Rogers, emphasizes our inherent tendencies toward healthy, positive growth and self-fulfillment.
Humanistic Theory of Personality, Rogers, Maslow
warmth, acceptance, and love from those around you.
positive regard
requirements that you must meet to earn their positive regard. For example, some parents’ love for their children depends on the grades they get, the sports they play, or the friends they choose.
conditions of worth
is the version of yourself that you actually experience in your day-to-day life, where you feel pressure to live up to the conditions of worth that others put on you.
real self
is the self-actualized version of yourself that you naturally strive to become
ideal self
is your view of who you are
self-concept
a mismatch between your real self and your ideal self—leads to unhappiness and mental illness.
incongruence
a match between your real self and your ideal self.
congruence
emphasizes the interaction of environment, thought processes, and social factors.
Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality
the theory that three factors—your behavior, your environment, and your cognitions—continually influence each other.
Reciprocal determinism
or your beliefs about your own capabilities
self-efficacy
is the belief that your life is under the control of forces inside of you,
internal locus of control
is the belief that your life is under the control of forces outside of you
external locus of control
emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality.
Trait theory of Personality
the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and stress
neuroticism
the tendency to be socially outgoing
extraversion
the tendency to be receptive to new or unconventional ideas
openness to experience
the tendency to be organized, responsible, and deliberate
conscientiousness
the tendency to cooperate and comply with other people
agreeableness
the client responds to a standardized set of questions, usually in multiple-choice or true–false format
Objective Personality Tests: MMPI-2
clients respond to ambiguous stimuli in a free-form way.
Projective Personality Tests: Rorschach inkblot technique
Her achievements include the establishment of the first women’s center in Hong Kong, the “Women Protection Movement”, and the “Women Social Welfare Movement.”. The Equal Opportunities Commission in Hong Kong was founded by her, and she was made an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1997. She received the Presidential Citation in 2004 and the Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology in 2012.
Fanny M. Cheung, Ph.D.
