Chapter 12

Question 1

is a person’s distinctive and stable way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

is an explanation of personality, based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious forces and early childhood experiences.

Answer 2

Psychodynamic Theory of Personality, Freud

Question 3

mental activity of which the person is unaware

Answer 3

Unconscious

Question 4

verbal or behavioral mistakes that reveal unconscious thoughts or wishes.

Answer 4

Freudian slips

Question 5

the animalistic part of the mind that generates our most primal, biologically based impulses such as sex and aggression.

Answer 5

id

Question 6

the part of the mind that serves as a realistic mediator between the id and superego. Its task is to find ways to satisfy both the id and the superego, while also meeting the demands of the real world

Answer 6

ego

Question 7

the part of the mind that opposes the id by enforcing rules, restrictions, and morality. A toddler who yanks a toy out of another child’s hand may be told disapprovingly by a parent

Answer 7

superego

Question 8

techniques used by the ego to manage conflict between the id and superego.

Answer 8

defense mechanisms

Question 9

Hides your id impulse in the unconscious to keep you unaware of it

You have an id impulse to insult your parent, but it never reaches consciousness.

Answer 9

repression

Question 10

Blocks external events from consciousness because they are too threatening

You learn that your good friend has a fatal disease but act as if everything is OK.

Answer 10

denial

Question 11

Redirects the id impulse toward a safer target in order to minimize the consequences to you

You have an id impulse to scream at your supervisor, but instead you scream at your dog.

Answer 11

displacement

Question 11

Redirects the id impulse in a way that actually benefits others

You have an id impulse to hurt other people, so you become a soldier who can do so for the sake of national security.

Answer 11

sublimation

Question 12

which takes place from birth to about 18 months and focuses on the psychological consequences of feeding behavior. ( Babies learn what to expect from others by the way their parents respond to their need for food)

Answer 12

Oral stage

Question 13

which lasts from about age 18 months to about age 3, and focuses on the psychological consequences of toilet training. Toilet training is all about control.

Answer 13

anal stage

Question 14

which runs from approximately 3 to 6 years old and focuses on the psychological consequences of attraction to the opposite-sex parent. believed preschool-aged children strive to have a special relationship with their opposite-sex parent, but see their same-sex parent as a rival.

Answer 14

phallic stage

Question 15

the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills. elementary school years,

Answer 15

latency stage

Question 16

Freud’s last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence). lasts from puberty through adulthood and focuses on mature, adult sexual relationships.

Answer 16

genital stage

Question 17

can occur: a lingering psychological problem directly related to unsuccessful experience of a particular psychosexual stage.

Answer 17

Fixation

Question 18

the childhood experience of desiring the mother and resenting the father.

Answer 18

Oedipus complex

Question 19

the childhood experience of desiring the father and resenting the mother.

Answer 19

Electra complex

Question 20

based on the ideas of Carl Rogers, emphasizes our inherent tendencies toward healthy, positive growth and self-fulfillment.

Answer 20

Humanistic Theory of Personality, Rogers, Maslow

Question 21

warmth, acceptance, and love from those around you.

Answer 21

positive regard

Question 22

requirements that you must meet to earn their positive regard. For example, some parents’ love for their children depends on the grades they get, the sports they play, or the friends they choose.

Answer 22

conditions of worth

Question 23

is the version of yourself that you actually experience in your day-to-day life, where you feel pressure to live up to the conditions of worth that others put on you.

Answer 23

real self

Question 24

is the self-actualized version of yourself that you naturally strive to become

Answer 24

ideal self

Question 25

is your view of who you are

Answer 25

self-concept

Question 26

a mismatch between your real self and your ideal self—leads to unhappiness and mental illness.

Answer 26

incongruence

Question 27

a match between your real self and your ideal self.

Answer 27

congruence

Question 28

emphasizes the interaction of environment, thought processes, and social factors.

Answer 28

Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality

Question 29

the theory that three factors—your behavior, your environment, and your cognitions—continually influence each other.

Answer 29

Reciprocal determinism

Question 30

or your beliefs about your own capabilities

Answer 30

self-efficacy

Question 31

is the belief that your life is under the control of forces inside of you,

Answer 31

internal locus of control

Question 32

is the belief that your life is under the control of forces outside of you

Answer 32

external locus of control

Question 33

emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality.

Answer 33

Trait theory of Personality

Question 34

the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and stress

Answer 34

neuroticism

Question 35

the tendency to be socially outgoing

Answer 35

extraversion

Question 36

the tendency to be receptive to new or unconventional ideas

Answer 36

openness to experience

Question 37

the tendency to be organized, responsible, and deliberate

Answer 37

conscientiousness

Question 38

the tendency to cooperate and comply with other people

Answer 38

agreeableness

Question 39

the client responds to a standardized set of questions, usually in multiple-choice or true–false format

Answer 39

Objective Personality Tests: MMPI-2

Question 40

clients respond to ambiguous stimuli in a free-form way.

Answer 40

Projective Personality Tests: Rorschach inkblot technique

Question 41

Her achievements include the establishment of the first women’s center in Hong Kong, the “Women Protection Movement”, and the “Women Social Welfare Movement.”. The Equal Opportunities Commission in Hong Kong was founded by her, and she was made an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1997. She received the Presidential Citation in 2004 and the Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology in 2012.

Answer 41

Fanny M. Cheung, Ph.D.