Chapter 13

Question 1

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to each other.

Answer 1

Social Psychology

Question 2

to refer to a person’s thoughts about other people and the social world.

Answer 2

Social cognition

Question 3

an explanation of the cause of behavior.

Answer 3

Attribution

Question 4

a theory that behavior is caused either by traits within the individual or by the situation surrounding the individual.

Answer 4

Attribution theory

Question 5

overestimating the importance of traits and underestimating the importance of the situation when explaining the behavior of other people.

Answer 5

Fundamental attribution error

Question 6

is a viewpoint, often influenced by both thoughts and emotions, that affects your responses to people, things, or situations

Answer 6

Attitude

Question 7

a title, position, or status that carries expectations for acceptable behavior. often carry expectations that encourage people to behave in certain ways.

Answer 7

Social Role

Question 8

was designed to examine the effects of situational variables on participants’ reactions and behaviors in a two-week simulation of a prison environment.

Answer 8

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

Question 9

is the discomfort caused by having an attitude that contradicts another attitude or a behavior

Answer 9

Cognitive dissonance

Question 10

any way in which the presence of other people influences your thoughts, feelings, or behavior.

Answer 10

Social influence

Question 11

changes in an individual’s behavior to correspond to the behavior of a group of other people.

Answer 11

Conformity

Question 12

changes in an individual’s behavior to comply with the demands of an authority figure

Answer 12

Obedience

Question 13

exploring the willingness of individuals to follow the orders of authorities when those orders conflict with the individual’s own moral judgment.

Answer 13

Milgram’s study of obedience

Question 14

a loss of identity and accountability experienced by individuals in groups that can lead to atypical behavior.

Answer 14

Deindividuation

Question 15

an increase in individual performance caused by the presence of other people.

Answer 15

social facilitation

Question 16

a decrease in individual performance when tasks are done in groups. slacking off, basically.

Answer 16

social loafing

Question 17

a phenomenon that occurs when group members value getting along with each other more than finding the best solution.

Answer 17

Groupthink

Question 18

interactions between two or more people, groups, or organizations.

Answer 18

Social relations

Question 19

an often negative attitude toward a social group that is formed before getting to know group members.

Answer 19

Prejudice

Question 20

beliefs about a group’s characteristics that are applied generally, and often inaccurately, to group members.

Answer 20

stereotype

Question 21

action based on prejudice or stereotypes toward a social group.

Answer 21

discrimination

Question 22

is a social group to which you believe you belong (“us”).

Answer 22

Ingroup

Question 23

Is a social group to which you believe you do not belong (“them”).

Answer 23

outgroup

Question 24

is behavior intended to cause harm or death.

Answer 24

Aggression

Question 25

an increase in the attractiveness of a person (or object) resulting from nothing more than repeated contact. Many studies point to the fact that we feel positive toward what is familiar—not just people, but things too, including shapes, words, photographs, songs, and sounds

Answer 25

mere exposure effect

Question 26

A much more accurate account is that “birds of a feather flock together.”

Answer 26

similarity

Question 27

If they like you, your attraction to them rises; if they don’t, it drops

Answer 27

reciprocal liking

Question 28

is behavior intended to help others.

Answer 28

Prosocial behavior

Question 29

completely unselfish concern for others.

Answer 29

Altruism

Question 30

the decrease in likelihood that you will help another person caused by the presence of others also available to help.

Answer 30

Bystander effect

Question 31

a decreased sense of obligation to help when others are present.

Answer 31

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 32

was a Turkish-American social psychologist. He helped develop social judgment theory and realistic conflict theory. Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.

Answer 32

Muzafer Sherif, Ph.D.