Final 9-10 Flashcards
is a desire that stimulates and steers behavior
Motivation
the desire to perform a behavior because the behavior itself is rewarding. ( involves doing something because it’s personally rewarding to you.)
intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward
extrinsic motivation
is a theory of motivation stating that unmet biological drives cause unpleasant sensations that motivate you to meet those needs.
Drive-Reduction Theory
is a theory of motivation stating that you are motivated to obtain and maintain an optimal level of arousal. general excitement or attentiveness.
Arousal Theory
is an explanation of motivation created by Abraham Maslow based on the idea that certain needs must be satisfied before others
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
is all aspects of feeling, including changes to the body, behavior, and consciousness.
Emotion
a person’s ability to effectively manage and respond to an emotional experience.
Emotional Regulation
norms within a group about the acceptable verbal and nonverbal expression of emotion
Display Rules
which correspond to distinct universal emotions: disgust, sadness, happiness,fear,anger, surprise
6 Universal Facial Expression
means innate biological factors (namely genetics)/ ( while. can refer to upbringing or life experience more generally.)
Nature vs. Nurture
means innate biological factors (namely genetics)/ ( while. can refer to upbringing or life experience more generally.)
Nature vs. Nurture
The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
a concept or mental representation that guides the way you make sense of new information.
Schemas
making sense of new information by sorting it into already existing schemas, while one is making sense of new information by revising or creating new schemas.
, Assimilation/accommodation
is the first stage in Piaget’s theory of development, from birth to about age 2, when babies understand the world through sensory experience. (touch, taste, sight, etc.)
sensorimotor
from about age 2 to about age 7, when children can use language and other symbols for real objects but still can’t complete many mental operations.
preoperational
from about age 7 to about age 11, in which children acquire the ability to think logically about concrete things.
, concrete operational
beginning around age 11 and lasting through adulthood, in which the person becomes able to think logically about abstract things.
formal operational
is a close emotional bond between two people, particularly a young child and a caregiver.
c. Attachment
These babies appeared the most stable and well-adjusted. When mom was present, they were comfortable enough to explore the new toys and interact with the stranger.They cried when the mom left and was happy when the mom returned.
secure attachment
These babies didn’t seem to care much when mom left, and they avoided her when she returned.
insecure-avoidant attachment
These babies got quite upset when mom left, and they didn’t entirely welcome her return. They had a mixed reaction involving both seeking out mom and angrily resisting the comfort she offered.
insecure-resistant attachment
in which babies seem confused about how to respond when mom leaves and returns.
disorganized attachment
in which babies seem confused about how to respond when mom leaves and returns.
disorganized attachment
is an approach to parenting in which parents require children to obey unquestionable strict rules. These “because-I-said-so” parents demand compliance without explanation and with the threat of harsh punishment
authoritarian parenting style
is an approach to parenting in which parents set rules, but also explain and negotiate those rules with their children. These “here’s why” parents are much more engaged in their kids’ lives than permissive parents, but not as inflexibly controlling as authoritarian parents.
authoritative parenting style
is an approach to parenting in which parents place minimal demands on children and allow them to run their own lives. These “whatever” parents either lack the time or energy to involve themselves in their children’s lives
permissive parenting style
, is a style characterized by a lack of responsiveness to a child’s needs. Uninvolved parents make few to no demands of their children and they are often indifferent, dismissive, or even completely neglectful.
neglectful parenting style
Is a moral decision-making strategy driven by the potential rewards and punishments of the decision. In this stage, what’s right is what maximizes benefit and minimizes hardship for you. You make decisions to serve your own needs.
pre-conventional morality
is a moral decision-making strategy driven by the desire to follow society’s norms and laws. In this stage, what’s right is what puts you in line with your culture’s expectations of you. You make decisions to ensure that others will approve of you, and when you consider doing something bad you realize that the system would fall apart “if everyone did it.”
conventional morality,
The personal consequences of the decision, as well as how well the decision fits with society’s preferences, take a backseat at this point. In this stage, what’s right is what’s right in the larger sense. You make decisions because ethical principles that steer all people toward such collective values as justice, dignity, and equality instruct you to do so.
postconventional morality
“Will the people around me take care of me?”: Infancy 0-18 months
Trust vs. mistrust
“Can I control myself?” Early childhood 2-3 years
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
“Can I do things on my own?” Preschool 3-5 years
initiative vs. guilt
“Can I keep up with my peers? Elementary school 6-11
industry vs. inferiority
“Can I determine who I am?” Adolescence
12-18
identity vs. role confusion
“Can I form a lasting connection with another person?
intimacy vs. isolation
“Can I contribute something valuable? Middle adulthood 40-65
generativity vs. stagnation
“Was my life well lived?” Older adulthood 65+
ego integrity vs. despair
