Chapter 6

Question 1

is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals.F. Skinner and John Watson were pioneers of this.Like the rewards and punishment.

Answer 1

Behaviorism

Question 2

a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection between two stimuli that have occurred together such that one predicts the other.

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Question 3

one of the most prominent figures in the history of psychology.He examined secretions made by various parts of the digestive tract, including saliva, which is produced in the mouth to start the digestive process

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov

Question 4

a U.S. psychologist who promoted the results of Pavlov’s studies in the United States in the early 1900s in the form of behaviorism

Answer 4

John B. Watson

Question 5

a stimulus that causes a response automatically, without any need for learning. Food certainly fits that description, since a dog instinctively salivates to food as a natural biological reflex.

Answer 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 6

the automatic response to a stimulus that occurs naturally, without any need for learning.

Answer 6

Unconditioned Response

Question 7

a stimulus that causes no response at all. He used sounds such as a bell for the neutral stimulus because its sound produced no salivation (or any other reaction) in the dog

Answer 7

Neutral Stimulus

Question 8

a formerly neutral stimulus that now causes a response because of its link to an unconditioned stimulus.the dog salivates to the sound of the bell even if there is no food.

Answer 8

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 9

the response to a conditioned stimulus acquired through learning. This salivation—specifically, salivation in response to the bell rather than the food

Answer 9

Conditioned Response

Question 10

a baby boy was classically conditioned to fear one white fuzzy thing (a rat), and then he generalized his fear to other white fuzzy things. He discriminated, or did not feel fear of, things that were not white and fuzzy.

Answer 10

Baby Albert

Question 11

the point in the learning process at which the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus because it causes the conditioned response. the first stages of learning, when a response is established.

Answer 11

acquisition

Question 12

the point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus. Like Over time, David’s conditioned response of excitement to the word Hershey became extinct.

Answer 12

extinction

Question 13

the process by which stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus cause the same conditioned response. Like a dog reacting to two different kind of bells because the sounds were familiar.

Answer 13

generalization

Question 14

the process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response. Like a dog not reacting to two different kind of bells because the sounds were a little bit different.

Answer 14

discrimination

Question 15

after a temporary period of inactivity, the return of a conditioned response that had become extinct.You stop ringing the bell altogether, but a few days later you decide to try ringing the bell again. Your dog rushes into the room and waits by his bowl

Answer 15

spontaneous recovery

Question 16

a tendency to avoid or make negative associations with a food that you ate just before getting sick.

Answer 16

taste aversion

Question 17

a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur.

Answer 17

Operant conditioning

Question 18

one of the most influential of American psychologists. A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning – the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.

Answer 18

B.F. Skinner

Question 19

any consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior more likely to recur. can be described as anything that helps the animal experience pleasure or avoid pain

Answer 19

reinforcement

Question 20

involves getting something desirable. Increase frequency of behavior by getting something good. (doesn’t mean good) a college football team earning a trophy for winning a bowl game

Answer 20

positive reinforcement

Question 21

involves removing something undesirable. Increase frequency of behavior by removing something bad ( doesn’t mean bad)homeowner getting rid of bugs by calling an exterminator

Answer 21

negative reinforcement

Question 22

is an innate reinforcer that requires no learning to have a reinforcing effect because it satisfies a biological need. they have value to keep us alive and healthy: food, water, physical touch, sex, reduction in pain or discomfort.

Answer 22

primary reinforce

Question 23

a reinforcer that requires a learned link to a primary reinforcer to have a reinforcing effect. Money because you had to learn how to count it.

Answer 23

secondary reinforcer

Question 24

is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. If Alicia takes Zach out to his favorite restaurant for dinner every day Zach cuts the grass

Answer 24

continuous reinforcement

Question 25

is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced only some of the time. If Alicia takes Zach out to his favorite restaurant only on some of the days Zach cuts the grass

Answer 25

partial reinforcement

Question 26

any consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur.

Answer 26

punishment

Question 27

Decrease frequency of behavior by getting something bad, a parent who spanks a child for cursing. (adding something undesirable)

Answer 27

positive punishment

Question 28

Decrease frequency of behavior by removing something good, parent who takes away a child’s handheld video game system. (subtracting something desirable)

Answer 28

negative punishment

Question 29

is the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps.

Answer 29

shaping

Question 30

learning that occurs as a result of observing others’ behavior and consequences rather than your own

Answer 30

Observational learning

Question 31

is learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observe. For example, a child might learn how to complete a math problem in class, but this learning is not immediately apparent

Answer 31

Latent learning

Question 32

the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error.sometimes you figure out problems because you use your analytic abilities or creativity to come up with a solution

Answer 32

Insight

Question 33

the absence of any attempt to help oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless. ( when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations — even when a solution is accessible.)

Answer 33

Learned helplessness

Question 34

an American clinical psychologist. She earned her doctoral degree at Indiana University Bloomington in 1962. She was the first Latina to receive a doctorate degree in psychology in the United States.

Answer 34

Martha E. Bernal, Ph.D.