Chapter 6 Flashcards
is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals.F. Skinner and John Watson were pioneers of this.Like the rewards and punishment.
Behaviorism
a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection between two stimuli that have occurred together such that one predicts the other.
Classical conditioning
one of the most prominent figures in the history of psychology.He examined secretions made by various parts of the digestive tract, including saliva, which is produced in the mouth to start the digestive process
Ivan Pavlov
a U.S. psychologist who promoted the results of Pavlov’s studies in the United States in the early 1900s in the form of behaviorism
John B. Watson
a stimulus that causes a response automatically, without any need for learning. Food certainly fits that description, since a dog instinctively salivates to food as a natural biological reflex.
Unconditioned Stimulus
the automatic response to a stimulus that occurs naturally, without any need for learning.
Unconditioned Response
a stimulus that causes no response at all. He used sounds such as a bell for the neutral stimulus because its sound produced no salivation (or any other reaction) in the dog
Neutral Stimulus
a formerly neutral stimulus that now causes a response because of its link to an unconditioned stimulus.the dog salivates to the sound of the bell even if there is no food.
Conditioned Stimulus
the response to a conditioned stimulus acquired through learning. This salivation—specifically, salivation in response to the bell rather than the food
Conditioned Response
a baby boy was classically conditioned to fear one white fuzzy thing (a rat), and then he generalized his fear to other white fuzzy things. He discriminated, or did not feel fear of, things that were not white and fuzzy.
Baby Albert
the point in the learning process at which the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus because it causes the conditioned response. the first stages of learning, when a response is established.
acquisition
the point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus. Like Over time, David’s conditioned response of excitement to the word Hershey became extinct.
extinction
the process by which stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus cause the same conditioned response. Like a dog reacting to two different kind of bells because the sounds were familiar.
generalization
the process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response. Like a dog not reacting to two different kind of bells because the sounds were a little bit different.
discrimination
after a temporary period of inactivity, the return of a conditioned response that had become extinct.You stop ringing the bell altogether, but a few days later you decide to try ringing the bell again. Your dog rushes into the room and waits by his bowl
spontaneous recovery
a tendency to avoid or make negative associations with a food that you ate just before getting sick.
taste aversion
a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur.
Operant conditioning
one of the most influential of American psychologists. A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning – the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.
B.F. Skinner
any consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior more likely to recur. can be described as anything that helps the animal experience pleasure or avoid pain
reinforcement
involves getting something desirable. Increase frequency of behavior by getting something good. (doesn’t mean good) a college football team earning a trophy for winning a bowl game
positive reinforcement
involves removing something undesirable. Increase frequency of behavior by removing something bad ( doesn’t mean bad)homeowner getting rid of bugs by calling an exterminator
negative reinforcement
is an innate reinforcer that requires no learning to have a reinforcing effect because it satisfies a biological need. they have value to keep us alive and healthy: food, water, physical touch, sex, reduction in pain or discomfort.
primary reinforce
a reinforcer that requires a learned link to a primary reinforcer to have a reinforcing effect. Money because you had to learn how to count it.
secondary reinforcer
is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. If Alicia takes Zach out to his favorite restaurant for dinner every day Zach cuts the grass
continuous reinforcement
is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced only some of the time. If Alicia takes Zach out to his favorite restaurant only on some of the days Zach cuts the grass
partial reinforcement
any consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur.
punishment
Decrease frequency of behavior by getting something bad, a parent who spanks a child for cursing. (adding something undesirable)
positive punishment
Decrease frequency of behavior by removing something good, parent who takes away a child’s handheld video game system. (subtracting something desirable)
negative punishment
is the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps.
shaping
learning that occurs as a result of observing others’ behavior and consequences rather than your own
Observational learning
is learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observe. For example, a child might learn how to complete a math problem in class, but this learning is not immediately apparent
Latent learning
the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error.sometimes you figure out problems because you use your analytic abilities or creativity to come up with a solution
Insight
the absence of any attempt to help oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless. ( when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations — even when a solution is accessible.)
Learned helplessness
an American clinical psychologist. She earned her doctoral degree at Indiana University Bloomington in 1962. She was the first Latina to receive a doctorate degree in psychology in the United States.
Martha E. Bernal, Ph.D.
