final 7-8

Question 1

a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection between two stimuli that have occurred together such that one predicts the other.

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning

Question 2

one of the most prominent figures in the history of psychology.He examined secretions made by various parts of the digestive tract, including saliva, which is produced in the mouth to start the digestive process

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

a stimulus that causes a response automatically, without any need for learning. Food certainly fits that description, since a dog instinctively salivates to food as a natural biological reflex.

Answer 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

the automatic response to a stimulus that occurs naturally, without any need for learning.

Answer 4

, unconditioned response

Question 5

a formerly neutral stimulus that now causes a response because of its link to an unconditioned stimulus.the dog salivates to the sound of the bell even if there is no food.

Answer 5

Conditioned stimulus

Question 6

the response to a conditioned stimulus acquired through learning. This salivation—specifically, salivation in response to the bell rather than the food

Answer 6

, conditioned response

Question 7

a stimulus that causes no response at all. He used sounds such as a bell for the neutral stimulus because its sound produced no salivation (or any other reaction) in the dog

Answer 7

Neutral Stimulus

Question 8

a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur.

Answer 8

Operant Conditioning

Question 9

one of the most influential of American psychologists. A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning – the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.

Answer 9

B.F. Skinner

Question 10

positive reinforcement

Answer 10

Increase frequency of behavior by getting something good. involves getting something desirable (doesn’t mean good) a college football team earning a trophy for winning a bowl game

Question 11

involves removing something undesirable. Increase frequency of behavior by removing something bad ( doesn’t mean bad) homeowner getting rid of bugs by calling an exterminator

Answer 11

negative reinforcement

Question 12

Decrease frequency of behavior by getting something bad, a parent who spanks a child for cursing. (adding something undesirable)

Answer 12

positive punishment

Question 13

Decrease frequency of behavior by removing something good, parent who takes away a child’s handheld video game system. (subtracting something desirable)

Answer 13

negative punishment

Question 14

is the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps.

Answer 14

. Shaping

Question 15

learning that occurs as a result of observing others’ behavior and consequences rather than your own

Answer 15

Observational Learning

Question 16

the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error.sometimes you figure out problems because you use your analytic abilities or creativity to come up with a solution

Answer 16

Insight Learning

Question 17

the absence of any attempt to help oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless. ( when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations — even when a solution is accessible.)

Answer 17

Learned Helplessness

Question 18

a mental representation of a category of similar things, actions, or people.are the most basic building blocks of thinking, the pieces that you use to string together thoughts.

Answer 18

Concepts

Question 19

the most typical or best example within a concept.something we imagine, rather than some specific thing we have actually encountered

Answer 19

Prototypes

Question 20

is an educated guess based on the information that most quickly and easily comes to mind

Answer 20

(availability heuristic

Question 21

the limits you place on your approach to problem solving based on what has worked in the past.

Answer 21

Mental Set

Question 22

a tendency to prefer information that confirms what you thought in the first place.

Answer 22

Confirmation Bias

Question 23

the particular way a question or problem is presented, which can influence how you respond to it

Answer 23

Framing

Question 24

thinking about something in only the way it is most typically used, rather than other possible uses.

Answer 24

Functional Fixedness

Question 25

Perhaps the most well known nativist theorist, Noam Chomsky, hypothesized that children are born with a hard-wired language acquisition device (LAD) in their brain.a theory of language development that says the ability to use language is inborn.

Answer 25

Chomsky’s Nativist Theory

Question 26

which suggests that kids learn language through the process of hearing others speak it

Answer 26

Formalist theory of language development

Question 27

suggests that a child’s use of language develops from a desire to interact socially.

Answer 27

Social-Pragmatic Theory

Question 28

overall intelligence that applies across all tasks and situations.

Answer 28

Spearman’s General Intelligence

Question 29

One involves comprehension, reasoning and problem solving while the other involves recalling stored knowledge and past experiences.

Answer 29

Fluid vs. Crystalized Intelligence

Question 30

proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have. suggests human intelligence can be differentiated into eight modalities: visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and bodily-

Answer 30

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Question 31

the kind of street smarts that help you get by in your day-to-day lives just as much as book smarts do

Answer 31

Practical Intelligence

Question 32

the ability to sense and manage emotions in yourself and others.

Answer 32

Emotional Intelligence

Question 33

which values pile up in the center at the mean and fall off into tails at either end. When plotted, it gives the familiar bell-shaped curve expected when variation about the mean value is random.

Answer 33

Normal distribution

Question 34

a mental disorder based on significantly below-average intelligence and impaired day-to-day functioning.

Answer 34

Intellectual Disability

Question 35

significantly above-average intelligence.

Answer 35

Giftedness

Question 36

the extent to which an assessment technique measures what it claims to measure./ the extent to which an assessment technique provides consistent, repeatable results.

Answer 36

Validity and reliability

Question 37

the expectation that others may judge you according to stereotypes about a group to which you belong.

Answer 37

Stereotype Threat

Question 38

the tendency of a test to produce scores in a consistently inaccurate way for members of particular groups.critics of intelligence tests have accused the test makers of including items that give certain groups an advantage (typically middle- to upper-class Whites,

Answer 38

Testing Bias