Chapter 9

Question 1

is the study of the changes to body, mind, and interpersonal interaction that people experience across the life span.

Answer 1

Developmental psychology

Question 2

is a research design in which people of different ages are compared to each other at the same point in time.

Answer 2

Cross-sectional designs

Question 3

is a research design in which the same group of people is compared to itself at different points in time

Answer 3

longitudinal designs

Question 4

means innate biological factors (namely genetics)

Answer 4

Nature

Question 5

all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture. ( while .can refer to upbringing or life experience more generally.)

Answer 5

nurture

Question 6

is any substance that harms the embryo or fetus

Answer 6

Teratogen

Question 7

The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it

Answer 7

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question 8

a concept or mental representation that guides the way you make sense of new information.

Answer 8

Schema

Question 9

making sense of new information by sorting it into already existing schemas.

Answer 9

assimilation

Question 10

making sense of new information by revising or creating new schemas.

Answer 10

accommodation

Question 11

is the first stage in Piaget’s theory of development, from birth to about age 2, when babies understand the world through sensory experience. (touch, taste, sight, etc.)

Answer 11

Sensorimotor

Question 12

from about age 2 to about age 7, when children can use language and other symbols for real objects but still can’t complete many mental operations.

Answer 12

Preoperational

Question 13

from about age 7 to about age 11, in which children acquire the ability to think logically about concrete things.

Answer 13

Concrete Operational

Question 14

beginning around age 11 and lasting through adulthood, in which the person becomes able to think logically about abstract things.

Answer 14

Formal Operational

Question 15

: the ability to realize that an object continues to exist even when you can’t see, hear, or otherwise sense it.

Answer 15

Object permanence

Question 16

a mental operation in which an amount or quantity remains the same regardless of the shape it takes.

Answer 16

conservation

Question 17

the inability to understand a situation from a point of view other than their own.

Answer 17

egocentrism

Question 18

is a close emotional bond between two people, particularly a young child and a caregiver.

Answer 18

Attachment

Question 19

Harlow removed young monkeys from their natural mothers a few hours after birth and left them to be “raised” by these mother surrogates. The experiment demonstrated that the baby monkeys spent significantly more time with their cloth mother than with their wire mother.

Answer 19

Harlow’s experiment with monkeys

Question 20

These babies appeared the most stable and well-adjusted. When mom was present, they were comfortable enough to explore the new toys and interact with the stranger,They cried when the mom left

Answer 20

secure attachment

Question 21

These babies didn’t seem to care much when mom left, and they avoided her when she returned.

Answer 21

insecure-avoidant attachment

Question 22

These babies got quite upset when mom left, and they didn’t entirely welcome her return. They had a mixed reaction involving both seeking out mom and angrily resisting the comfort she offered.

Answer 22

insecure-resistant attachment

Question 23

in which babies seem confused about how to respond when mom leaves and returns.

Answer 23

disorganized attachment

Question 24

is an approach to parenting in which parents require children to obey unquestionable strict rules. These “because-I-said-so” parents demand compliance without explanation and with the threat of harsh punishment.

Answer 24

authoritarian parenting style

Question 25

is an approach to parenting in which parents place minimal demands on children and allow them to run their own lives. These “whatever” parents either lack the time or energy to involve themselves in their children’s lives

Answer 25

permissive parenting style

Question 26

is an approach to parenting in which parents set rules, but also explain and negotiate those rules with their children. These “here’s why” parents are much more engaged in their kids’ lives than permissive parents, but not as inflexibly controlling as authoritarian parents.

Answer 26

authoritative parenting style

Question 27

the basic emotional responsiveness that characterizes a person throughout his or her life span.

Answer 27

Temperament

Question 28

well, easy-going. They are generally optimistic and positive. They acclimate quickly to new situations and can be calmed in a predictable and manageable way.

Answer 28

easy temperament

Question 29

give their parents a much harder time. They are quick to react negatively (crying, screaming, etc.) to unfamiliar people and things. They don’t fall into predictable sleeping or eating patterns. They are also harder to please or comfort when they get upset.

Answer 29

difficult temperament

Question 30

take a long time to get used to new people or new situations, and their typical first reaction is to shy away. They are generally quiet and have low levels of activity.

Answer 30

slow to warm temperament

Question 31

is the developmental period that encompasses the transition from childhood to adulthood

Answer 31

Adolescence

Question 32

in which they believe that their lives are continuously being watched and evaluated by other people.

Answer 32

Imaginary audience

Question 33

a common way of thinking among adolescents in which they believe themselves to be special or invulnerable.

Answer 33

Personal fable

Question 34

is a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. suggests that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice

Answer 34

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

Question 35

Is a moral decision-making strategy driven by the potential rewards and punishments of the decision. In this stage, what’s right is what maximizes benefit and minimizes hardship for you. You make decisions to serve your own needs.

Answer 35

Preconventional morality

Question 36

is a moral decision-making strategy driven by the desire to follow society’s norms and laws. In this stage, what’s right is what puts you in line with your culture’s expectations of you. You make decisions to ensure that others will approve of you, and when you consider doing something bad you realize that the system would fall apart “if everyone did it.”

Answer 36

conventional morality,

Question 37

The personal consequences of the decision, as well as how well the decision fits with society’s preferences, take a backseat at this point. In this stage, what’s right is what’s right in the larger sense. You make decisions because ethical principles that steer all people toward such collective values as justice, dignity, and equality instruct you to do so.

Answer 37

postconventional morality

Question 38

“Will the people around me take care of me?”: Infancy 0–18 months

Answer 38

Trust vs. mistrust

Question 39

“Can I control myself?” Early childhood 2–3 years

Answer 39

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 40

“Can I do things on my own?” Preschool 3–5 years

Answer 40

initiative vs. guilt

Question 41

“Can I keep up with my peers? Elementary school 6–11

Answer 41

industry vs. inferiority

Question 42

“Can I determine who I am?” Adolescence 12–18

Answer 42

identity vs. role confusion

Question 43

“Can I form a lasting connection with another person? Young adulthood 9–40

Answer 43

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 44

“Can I contribute something valuable? Middle adulthood 40–65

Answer 44

generativity vs. stagnation

Question 45

“Was my life well lived?” Older adulthood 65+

Answer 45

ego integrity vs. despair

Question 46

a recently proposed developmental stage during which the person gradually moves from adolescence to adulthood, typically during the late teens and twenties in modern Western cultures

Answer 46

Emerging Adulthood

Question 47

was an American psychologist. She is best known for her psychological work concerning students with special needs at Children’s Provident Hospital School. She is one of the first African American women to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology.

Answer 47

Ruth Winifred Howard, Ph.D.