Chapter 9 Flashcards
is the study of the changes to body, mind, and interpersonal interaction that people experience across the life span.
Developmental psychology
is a research design in which people of different ages are compared to each other at the same point in time.
Cross-sectional designs
is a research design in which the same group of people is compared to itself at different points in time
longitudinal designs
means innate biological factors (namely genetics)
Nature
all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture. ( while .can refer to upbringing or life experience more generally.)
nurture
is any substance that harms the embryo or fetus
Teratogen
The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
a concept or mental representation that guides the way you make sense of new information.
Schema
making sense of new information by sorting it into already existing schemas.
assimilation
making sense of new information by revising or creating new schemas.
accommodation
is the first stage in Piaget’s theory of development, from birth to about age 2, when babies understand the world through sensory experience. (touch, taste, sight, etc.)
Sensorimotor
from about age 2 to about age 7, when children can use language and other symbols for real objects but still can’t complete many mental operations.
Preoperational
from about age 7 to about age 11, in which children acquire the ability to think logically about concrete things.
Concrete Operational
beginning around age 11 and lasting through adulthood, in which the person becomes able to think logically about abstract things.
Formal Operational
: the ability to realize that an object continues to exist even when you can’t see, hear, or otherwise sense it.
Object permanence
a mental operation in which an amount or quantity remains the same regardless of the shape it takes.
conservation
the inability to understand a situation from a point of view other than their own.
egocentrism
is a close emotional bond between two people, particularly a young child and a caregiver.
Attachment
Harlow removed young monkeys from their natural mothers a few hours after birth and left them to be “raised” by these mother surrogates. The experiment demonstrated that the baby monkeys spent significantly more time with their cloth mother than with their wire mother.
Harlow’s experiment with monkeys
These babies appeared the most stable and well-adjusted. When mom was present, they were comfortable enough to explore the new toys and interact with the stranger,They cried when the mom left
secure attachment
These babies didn’t seem to care much when mom left, and they avoided her when she returned.
insecure-avoidant attachment
These babies got quite upset when mom left, and they didn’t entirely welcome her return. They had a mixed reaction involving both seeking out mom and angrily resisting the comfort she offered.
insecure-resistant attachment
in which babies seem confused about how to respond when mom leaves and returns.
disorganized attachment
is an approach to parenting in which parents require children to obey unquestionable strict rules. These “because-I-said-so” parents demand compliance without explanation and with the threat of harsh punishment.
authoritarian parenting style
is an approach to parenting in which parents place minimal demands on children and allow them to run their own lives. These “whatever” parents either lack the time or energy to involve themselves in their children’s lives
permissive parenting style
is an approach to parenting in which parents set rules, but also explain and negotiate those rules with their children. These “here’s why” parents are much more engaged in their kids’ lives than permissive parents, but not as inflexibly controlling as authoritarian parents.
authoritative parenting style
the basic emotional responsiveness that characterizes a person throughout his or her life span.
Temperament
well, easy-going. They are generally optimistic and positive. They acclimate quickly to new situations and can be calmed in a predictable and manageable way.
easy temperament
give their parents a much harder time. They are quick to react negatively (crying, screaming, etc.) to unfamiliar people and things. They don’t fall into predictable sleeping or eating patterns. They are also harder to please or comfort when they get upset.
difficult temperament
take a long time to get used to new people or new situations, and their typical first reaction is to shy away. They are generally quiet and have low levels of activity.
slow to warm temperament
is the developmental period that encompasses the transition from childhood to adulthood
Adolescence
in which they believe that their lives are continuously being watched and evaluated by other people.
Imaginary audience
a common way of thinking among adolescents in which they believe themselves to be special or invulnerable.
Personal fable
is a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. suggests that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Is a moral decision-making strategy driven by the potential rewards and punishments of the decision. In this stage, what’s right is what maximizes benefit and minimizes hardship for you. You make decisions to serve your own needs.
Preconventional morality
is a moral decision-making strategy driven by the desire to follow society’s norms and laws. In this stage, what’s right is what puts you in line with your culture’s expectations of you. You make decisions to ensure that others will approve of you, and when you consider doing something bad you realize that the system would fall apart “if everyone did it.”
conventional morality,
The personal consequences of the decision, as well as how well the decision fits with society’s preferences, take a backseat at this point. In this stage, what’s right is what’s right in the larger sense. You make decisions because ethical principles that steer all people toward such collective values as justice, dignity, and equality instruct you to do so.
postconventional morality
“Will the people around me take care of me?”: Infancy 0–18 months
Trust vs. mistrust
“Can I control myself?” Early childhood 2–3 years
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
“Can I do things on my own?” Preschool 3–5 years
initiative vs. guilt
“Can I keep up with my peers? Elementary school 6–11
industry vs. inferiority
“Can I determine who I am?” Adolescence 12–18
identity vs. role confusion
“Can I form a lasting connection with another person? Young adulthood 9–40
intimacy vs. isolation
“Can I contribute something valuable? Middle adulthood 40–65
generativity vs. stagnation
“Was my life well lived?” Older adulthood 65+
ego integrity vs. despair
a recently proposed developmental stage during which the person gradually moves from adolescence to adulthood, typically during the late teens and twenties in modern Western cultures
Emerging Adulthood
was an American psychologist. She is best known for her psychological work concerning students with special needs at Children’s Provident Hospital School. She is one of the first African American women to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology.
Ruth Winifred Howard, Ph.D.
