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Fibres and fabrics Flashcards

0
Q

Natural fibres

A

Plant:
Cotton
Linen

Animal:
Wool
Silk

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1
Q

Fibres

A

Fibres are fine, hair-like structures.

They are used to make yarn and yarn is used to make fabric.

Fabric –> Yarn –> Fabric –> Garment

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2
Q

Manufactured fibres

A

Regenerated:
Viscose
Acetate

Synthetic:
Polyester
Acrylic

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3
Q

Production of cotton

A
  • Comes from boll of cotton plant
  • Bolls are picked by hand/machine
  • Fibres are separated from seeds (ginning)
  • Fibres pressed into bales.
  • Cotton is graded
  • Fibres combined + spun into yarn.
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4
Q

Properties of cotton

A

Desirable:
Absorbent
Strong
Easy to wash and dry

Undesirable:
Not very stretchy
Burns easily
Damaged by mildew

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5
Q

Fabrics & uses for cotton

A

Fabrics:
Towelling
Cotton
Denim

Uses:
Jeans
Sweatshirts
Towels
Sheets
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6
Q

Where does linen come from

A

the flax plant

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7
Q

Production of linen

A

Stems pulled up by their roots

stems are left to soak for several weeks to rot (retting)

fibres are separated

fibres are combined & spun into yarn

long fibres –> fine yarn
short fibres –> coarse yarn

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8
Q

properties of linen

A

desirable:
absorbent
strong
hardwearing

undesirable:
shrinks
burns easily
damaged by mildew

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9
Q

fabrics & uses for linen

A 
fabrics:
canvas
cambric
uses:
suits
dresses
curtains
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10
Q

Production of wool

A
  • fleece (hair) is removed from sheep
  • it is graded
  • cleaned & combed (carding)
  • spun into yarn
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11
Q

properties of wool

A

desirable:
warm
soft
absorbent

undesirable:
feels itchy beside skin
easily scorched, damaged by moths
does not dry easily

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12
Q

fabrics and uses of wool

A

fabrics:
flannel
tweed

uses:
jumpers
blankets

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13
Q

Production of silk

A
  • Produced from silkworm
  • Silk moth lays eggs, new worms feed on leaves of mulberry tree
  • Worms spin cocoons of silk
  • Cocoons are heated, soeaked. Threads are removed.
  • Threads are wound onto reeks.
  • The threads are spun into yarn.
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14
Q

properties of silk

A

desirable:
absorbent
strong
smooth

undesirable:
flammable
damaged by moths
damages by chemicals

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15
Q

fabrics and uses for silk

A

fabrics:
chiffon
satin
taffeta

uses:
shirts
curtains

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16
Q

Two types of manufactured fibres

A

regenerated

synthetic

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17
Q

what do regenerated fibres contain?

A

Regenerated fibres contain cellulose because they come from plants.

-Wood, seaweed and cotton waste are crushed and used to make fibres.

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18
Q

Production of regenerated fibres

A
  • cellulose and cotton waste is pulped and mixed with chemicals.
  • it is made into a thick liquid
  • the liquid is forced through tiny holes in a spinneret (like a shower head) to make yarn
  • Yarn is twisted and cut
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19
Q

Properties of regenerated fabrics

A

desirable:
absorbent
easy to dye
cool

undesirable:
crease easily
not very
durable

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20
Q

fabrics and uses for regenerated fabrics

A

fabrics:
viscose

uses:
lightweight clothes
tablecloths
napkins

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21
Q

Synthetic fibres

A

Purely man-made

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22
Q

Production of synthetic fibres

A
  • chemicals from petroleum are mixed to produce a thick liquid.
  • The liquid is forced through tiny holes in a spinneret
  • Long uniform fibres (continuous filaments) are twisted together to make smooth yarn.
  • Fibres can be cut into short (staple) fibres
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23
Q

properties of synthetic fabrics

A

desirable:
strong
elastic
durable

undesirable:
does not absorb moisture
clingy
causes static

24
fabrics and uses for synthetic fibres
fabrics: nylon polyester acrylic ``` uses: -nylon- tights linings waterproof clothes ```
25
denier
denier is used to describe the thickness of manufactured fibres. The lower the number, the finer the yarn.
26
Blended fabrics
various fabrics can be combined to create fabrics with many desirable properties eg. polycotton
27
fabric construction
``` spinning yarn weaving straight grain bias knitting non-woven fabrics ```
28
spinning yarn
spinning is the process of twisting fibres into yarn. loose twist = soft, bulky yarn tight twist = finer, stronger yarn
29
weaving
weaving is the interlacing of yarns at right angles to each other. weaving is done on a loom.
30
warp
the warp, or strong thread, runs in the direction of the length of the fabric.
31
weft
the weft, or weaker thread, runs in the direction of the width of the fabric.
32
selvage
the side of the fabric running in the direction of the warp threads. the selvage stops sides fraying.
33
straight grain
straight grain means the direction of the warp threads in a fbric. this makes them hang better.
34
bias
bias is the diagonal line of a fabric. the fabric stretches when it is pulled along this line. clothes cut on the bias drape well
35
knitting
knitting means linking together loops of yarn into knots called stitches. it is done by hand or marchine.
36
advantages of knitting
stretchy comfortable warm crease resistant
37
non-woven fabrics
non-woven or bonded fabrics are made directly from fibres without being made into yarn. the fibres are held together suing adhesive, heat, pressure or stitching.
38
advantages of non-woven fabrics
do not fray are cheap to produce keep their shape well
39
disadvantages of non-woven fabrics.
do not wear well felt is damaged by water non-woven blankets don't trap air and therefore are not as warm as wool
40
Methods of applying pattern to fabric
dyeing printing weaving, knitting, and bonding.
41
dyeing
a dye is a substance added to fabric to give it colour.
42
two types of dyes
natural dyes eg. berries and leaves synthetic dyes
43
printing + examples
printing means applying colour and pattern to one side of the fabric only. ``` Eg: block printing screen printing fabric pens transfer crayons fabric paints ```
44
Weaving, knitting, and bonding
In woven and knitted fabrics, the yarns are arranged to form certain patterns. In non-woven or bonded fabrics, the fibres are arranged.
45
Identifying fibres test
the burn test
46
Identifying protein fibres
wool/silk As it gets near flame - fibres stick together and curl away from the flame. When it touches flame - burns very slowly After it touches flame - stops burning Smell - Like burning hair, feathers or nail clippings Residue - Dark, soft ash, easy to crush
47
Identifying cellulose fibres
Cotton/linen/viscose As it gets near flame - Ignites as it draws near When it touches flame - Burns quickly After it touches flame - Goes on burning Smell - Like burning paper Residue - Grey ash, like a sheet of paper when burned
48
Identifying nylon
As it gets near flame - Fibres melt and shrink away from the flame; may drip When it touches flame - Melts and burns slowly After it touches flame - Usually goes out Smell - Like celery Residue - Hard beads - light grey or beige
49
Fabric finishes
A fabric finish is a chemical treatment applied to a fabric to improve its appearance or performance. Eg. Fabrics can be made crease resistant or waterproof.
50
Types of fabric finishes
Brushing Flame proof Permanent pleating Waterproof Stain repellent Shrink resistant Crease resistant
51
Brushing
Purpose Makes fabric feel softer and warmer, eg. brushed nylon or cotton/flannelette Uses Children's nightwear and bed clothes
52
Flame proof
Purpose Makes fabric less flammable Uses Children's nightwear, furnishing fabrics
53
Permanent pleating
Purpose Pleats don't fall out, no need to iron Use Skirts, trousers
54
Waterproof
Purpose Prevents any water getting through Uses Raincoats, outdoor sports wear
55
Stain repellent
Purpose Prevents stains from penetrating Uses Carpets, upholstery, clothing fabrics
56
Shrink resistant
Purpose Prevents shrinking Uses Furnishing fabrics, clothing
57
Crease resistant
Purpose Creases fall out more easily, less ironing required Uses Shirts, dresses, trousers, tablecloth, curtains

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