Explaining Depression - PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards
what are musturbatory thinking
inflexible, absolutist thoughts
what is catastrophizing
imagining the worst possible outcome
what is ruminating
repetitive, automatic rehearsal of worries
what are cognitive biases
systematic/consistent (trait, not state) thinking errors
what is a cognitive heuristic
a ‘shortcut’ where previously successful strategies are applied without conscious thought
what is a negative schema
a set of reference memories/expectations (behaviour/scenario shortcuts)
what are core beliefs
fundamental beliefs that hold a schema together - the ‘seed’
two models that explain depression
ABC model - Ellis, 1962
negative triad - Beck, 1967
what are the steps within the abc model
Activating event
rational/irrational Belief
Consequence
what did Ellis (1962) say irrational beliefs are due to
musturbatory thinking
examples of cognitions containing fixed terms (that lead to depression)
‘I CANNOT be respected without showing success’
‘I MUST receive positive feedback or I am worthless’
‘I NEED a partner or I am unlovable’
three parts of the negative triad (Beck, 1967)
perception of self
perception of world
perception of future
(in a triangle, arrows going to and from each one)
what is in the middle of the negative triad
negative schema and core beliefs
(updated neg. triad) what did Beck say negative schema leads to
negative cognitive biases
(updated neg. triad) what did Beck say negative biases affect
our perception - causing irrational perception of events
(updated neg. triad) what are the two cognitive processes predicted by the model
ruminating and catastrophizing
possible example of the ABC model
A - your teacher tells you that they’re unhappy with your work
B - you see yourself as a failure (irrational belief)
C - a feeling of worthlessness (unhealthy emotion)
what are the three parts to Beck’s cognitive vulnerability
- faulty information processing (biases)
- negative self-schemas
- the negative triad
(abc model) activating event
something that happens to you that leads to thinking something either positive or negative about yourself
(abc model) belief
what you begin to think of yourself or others (irrational/rational things) which lead to negative/positive thoughts
(abc model) consequence
the action that comes out of the experience as a result of these rational/irrational beliefs due to the activating event
