Explaining Depression - PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Question 1

what are musturbatory thinking

Answer 1

inflexible, absolutist thoughts

Question 2

what is catastrophizing

Answer 2

imagining the worst possible outcome

Question 3

what is ruminating

Answer 3

repetitive, automatic rehearsal of worries

Question 4

what are cognitive biases

Answer 4

systematic/consistent (trait, not state) thinking errors

Question 5

what is a cognitive heuristic

Answer 5

a ‘shortcut’ where previously successful strategies are applied without conscious thought

Question 6

what is a negative schema

Answer 6

a set of reference memories/expectations (behaviour/scenario shortcuts)

Question 7

what are core beliefs

Answer 7

fundamental beliefs that hold a schema together - the ‘seed’

Question 8

two models that explain depression

Answer 8

ABC model - Ellis, 1962

negative triad - Beck, 1967

Question 9

what are the steps within the abc model

Answer 9

Activating event
rational/irrational Belief
Consequence

Question 10

what did Ellis (1962) say irrational beliefs are due to

Answer 10

musturbatory thinking

Question 11

examples of cognitions containing fixed terms (that lead to depression)

Answer 11

‘I CANNOT be respected without showing success’
‘I MUST receive positive feedback or I am worthless’
‘I NEED a partner or I am unlovable’

Question 12

three parts of the negative triad (Beck, 1967)

Answer 12

perception of self
perception of world
perception of future
(in a triangle, arrows going to and from each one)

Question 13

what is in the middle of the negative triad

Answer 13

negative schema and core beliefs

Question 14

(updated neg. triad) what did Beck say negative schema leads to

Answer 14

negative cognitive biases

Question 15

(updated neg. triad) what did Beck say negative biases affect

Answer 15

our perception - causing irrational perception of events

Question 16

(updated neg. triad) what are the two cognitive processes predicted by the model

Answer 16

ruminating and catastrophizing

Question 17

possible example of the ABC model

Answer 17

A - your teacher tells you that they’re unhappy with your work
B - you see yourself as a failure (irrational belief)
C - a feeling of worthlessness (unhealthy emotion)

Question 18

what are the three parts to Beck’s cognitive vulnerability

Answer 18

1. faulty information processing (biases)
2. negative self-schemas
3. the negative triad

Question 19

(abc model) activating event

Answer 19

something that happens to you that leads to thinking something either positive or negative about yourself

Question 20

(abc model) belief

Answer 20

what you begin to think of yourself or others (irrational/rational things) which lead to negative/positive thoughts

Question 21

(abc model) consequence

Answer 21

the action that comes out of the experience as a result of these rational/irrational beliefs due to the activating event