Exam 4 Chapter 23 Flashcards
Where in the alimentary canal does propulsion occur?
from the oral vacity to the anus
Differentiate the abdominal cavity from the peritoneal cavity.
Abdominal = diaphragm to pelvis
Peritoneal = space between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
Which digestive system organs are located in the abdominal cavity but are not intraperitoneal?
pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum
Identify all the mesenteries that connect to the liver. Dorsal or ventral?
falciform ligament and lesser omentum
- both ventral
Identify all the mesenteries that connect to the stomach. Dorsal or ventral?
greater omentum
- dorsal
Identify all the mesenteries that connect to the sigmoid colon. Dorsal or ventral?
sigmoid mesocolon
- dorsal
Injury to the spleen or liver can cause extensive internal bleeding. Where would blood collect from such an injury?
in the peritoneal cavity
Name the three sublayers of the mucosa. Which sublayer forms the intrinsic glands that produce digestive secretions?
mucosa (epithelial), lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
- intrinsic glands are formed from the epithelial layer
Name the tissue layer of the alimentary canal that is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation.
contractions of the smooth muscle of the muscularis externa
Contrast smooth muscle to skeletal muscle
- cell shape
- number and location of nuclei
presence/absence of striations
- innervation
- stimuli for contraction
- fatigue resistance
Smooth muscle:
- elongated
- single centrally located nucleus
- nonstriated
- innervated by ANS
- contracts in response to hormones, stretching, and nerve stimulation
- extremely fatigue resistant
Skeletal muscle:
- cylindrically shaped cells
- multinucleated
- striated
innervated by somatic motor neurons
- less fatigue resistant than smooth muscle
What type of epithelium forms the mucosa lining the oral cavity and pharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
Name the three major salivary glands. What nutrient macromolecules do the enzymes in saliva act on?
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
- digest carbohydrates
How does the epithelial lining change from the esophagus to the stomach?
stratified squamous to simple columnar
What is unique about the muscularis externa in the stomach?
additional deep layer
Describe the location of the stomach in reference to the nine abdominal regions.
left hypochondriac, epigastric, umbilical regions of the abdomen
What do chief cells produce? What do parietal cells produce? What do the surface cells that line the stomach produce?
Chief cells: pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Parietal cells: HCl
Surface cells: bicarbonate-buffered mucus
What is the typical life span for an intestinal epithelial cell?
3-6 days
How are the cells of the epithelium replaced?
rapidly dividing undifferentiated epithelial cells that line the intestinal glands
Name all the parts of the large intestine, beginning with its junction with the ileum.
cecum, ascending colon, transverse, colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
Name the structures within the villus that receive absorbed nutrients. Which types of nutrients are absorbed into each structure?
End products of carbs and protein digestion = capillary network
Digested fats = lacteal
Name the vessels and ducts that pass through the porta hepatis. What is found in each structure, and does it go away or into the liver?
right and left hepatic arteries carry oxygen-rich blood into the liver
Right and left branches of the hepatic portal vein carry nutrient-rich blood into the liver
right and left hepatic ducts carry bile out of the liver
Which cells in the pancreas produce and secrete digestive enzymes? Where do these secretions empty into the alimentary canal?
acinar cells of the pancreas produce and secrete digestive enzymes
empties into the duodenum
Why is it important to wash your hands after using the restroom?
prevents the spread of infection
What is true about the submucosal nerve plexus of the intestine?
innervates the mucosa layer
What mesentery connects the ileum and jejunum to the posterior abdominal wall?
the mesentery
What mesentery connects anterior surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
falciform ligament
What mesentery connects the large intestine to the pelvic wall?
sigmoid mesocolon
What mesentery attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach and has the most fat?
greater omentum
What mesentery runs from the stomach’s lesser curvature to the fissure of the liver?
lesser omentum
What is the mesentery of the large intestine that is fused to the underside of the greater omentum?
transverse mesocolon
What’s the result of a short lingual frenulum?
results in distortion of speech
What is true about the parotid gland?
swells when a person has mumps
What is the flow of blood through the classical liver lobule and beyond?
portal venule to sinusoids to central vein to hepatic vein to inferior vena cava
AND
portal arteriole to sinusoids to central vein to hepatic vein
Which cell type occurs in the stomach mucosa, has three prongs, contains many mitochondria, and many microvilli, and pumps hydrogen ions?
parietal cell
What is the part of the colon that joins the rectum?
sigmoid colon
What digestive organ has a head, body, and tail?
pancreas
Where is the small intestine located?
umbilical
Where is the liver located?
right hypochondriac
Where is the stomach located?
left hypochondriac
Where is the ascending colon located?
right lumbar
Where is the cecum located?
right iliac
Where does protein digestion begin?
in the duodenum by bile
What is the calcified connective tissue that attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament?
cement
What is false about smooth muscle?
contraction of smooth muscle is stimulated exclusively by involuntary nerves
What digestive organ produces bile?
liver
What digestive organ absorbs water?
large intestine
What digestive organ churns?
stomach
What digestive organ is a muscular tube connecting the laryngopharynx with the stomach?
esophagus
What digestive organ produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions?
pancreas
What digestive organ secretes a substance that initiates carbohydrate digestion?
salivary glands
What digestive organ stores bile?
gallbladder
What digestive organ does segmentation occur?
small intestine
What salivary gland only has serous cells?
parotid gland
