Exam 1 Chapter 6 Flashcards
How does the matrix differ in each of the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage - small collagen fibrils
Elastic cartilage - collagen and elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage - thick bundles of collagen
Which type of cartilage is most abundant? List three locations where this type of cartilage is found.
Hyaline cartilage in respiratory passageways, costal cartilages of ribs, and cartilages of the nose
Where are the chondroblasts located that produce new cartilage by appositional growth?
perichondrium
Which component of bone tissue contributes to the strength and flexibility of bone? Which contributes to the hardness of bone?
Flexibility = collagen
Hardness = mineralized ground substance
What minerals are stored in bone and which cells in bone tissue function to remove these minerals from the bone tissue?
Calium and phosphate in bone
- released by osteoclasts
What is the difference between osteoblast and osteocyte?
Osteoblast secrete new bone matrix.
Osteocyte repair the matrix and keep it healthy.
What are the two osteogenic membranes found in a bone, where is each located and what types are cells found in these membranes?
Periosteum = external surface of bone
Endosteum = internal surface of bone
- both have osteoblasts and osteoclasts
In a flat bone, where is compact bone located? Where is spongy bone located?
Compact = external surface
Spongy = internal surface
What is the function of condyle, tubercle, foramen?
Condyle = joint surface
Tubercle = attachment site for muscle or ligament
Foramen = passageway for vessels or nerves
Differentiate between a central canal, a perforating canal and the canaliculi.
Central canal = middle of osteon
Perforating = connects central canals
Canaliculi = small connections between lacunae that link adjacent osteocytes
How do the osteocytes in the outer lamella of an osteon receive oxygen and nutrients?
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse through the spaces in the matrix
What is a trabecula? How is it different from an osteon?
Trabecula = beam of bone composed of several lamellae and associated osteocytes
- bone tissue is not aligned in Concentrix rings around central canal (like an osteon)
Which bones of the skeleton are membranous bones?
Most bones in the skull and the clavicle
Which portion of the long bones in a six month old fetus is ossified?
Only the diaphysis of the long bone is ossified
As a bone grows in length during childhood, does the thickness of the epiphyseal plate change?
In which region of the epiphyseal plate is bone tissue added: epiphyseal end or diaphyseal end?
Thickness doesn’t change
Bone is added to diaphyseal end
How does exercise affect a bone? Why?
Exercise stimulates bone deposition. Stress on the bone stimulates osteoplast to produce more bone matrix.
How does bone remodeling help repair a bone after a fracture?
It makes the repaired area resemble the original unbroken bone.
Which types of bone fractures are more common in older individuals?
Comminuted and compression fractures
Which diseases result from inadequate mineralization of bone?
Osteomalacia and Rickets
If you wish to slow bone loss, the activity of which cells and bone tissue should be targeted?
Activity of osteoclast
At what age can you best prevent the development of osteoporosis later in life?
Adolescence and early adulthood
At what age do bones begin to ossify? At what age does bone mass begin to decline?
Bones ossified by week eight of embryonic development.
Bone mass starts to decline around age 40.
Why is age-related bone loss greater in woman than in men?
Estrogen aid in maintaining bone density. This decline and postmenopausal woman increases their risk of the loss.
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Support, blood cell formation, mineral storage, providing levers for muscle activity
How can osteoporosis be treated?
SERM’s, hormones like calcitonin, teriparatide
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
External ear
What cartilage forms the articular cartilage covering the surfaces of movable joints?
Hyaline cartilage
What cartilage forms the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage
What cartilage forms the thyroid cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
What cartilage forms the menisci in the knee?
Fibrocartilage
What cartilage forms embryonic skeleton?
Hyaline cartilage
What shape is the vertebra?
Irregular bones
What shape is the humerus?
Long bone
What shape is the talus?
Short bone
What shape is the sternum?
Flat bone
What shape is the toe bone?
Long bone
What shape is the scapula?
Flat bone
What shape is the wrist?
Short bone
What shape is the hip bone?
Irregular bone
