Exam 3 Chapter 13 Flashcards
Which part of the adult brain develops from the telencephalon?
cerebrum
Which part of the adult brain develops from the mesencephalon?
Midbrain
What are the brain nuclei?
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies that form portions of the gray matter
Name the structure that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. Where is it located?
Cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain
What is the general function of the pyramids in the brain stem?
White fiber tracts connecting the cerebrum to the spinal cord
What is the general function of the vestibular and cochlear nuclei in the brain stem?
Cranial nerve nuclei involved with innervation of the head
What is the general function of the cerebral peduncles in the brain stem?
White fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting the cerebrum with the brain stem
What is the general function of the periaqueductal gray matter in the brain stem?
autonomic behaviors associated with the fight-or-flight response and mediates the response to visceral pain
What is the general function of the trigeminal nuclei in the brain stem?
cranial nerve nuclei involved with sensory innervation of the face and motor innervation of the chewing muscles
What are the corpora quadrigemina?
4 brain nuclei located on the dorsal surface of the midbrain involved with auditory and visual reflexes
Name the structure that connects the two cerebellar hemispheres.
vermis
To which region of the brain do the thalamic neurons send their axonal fibers?
cerebral cortex
What part of the diencephalon functions as the main visceral control center? What is meant by the phrase visceral control?
Hypothalamus = main control center
Visceral control = regulation of the activities of the visceral organs like autonomic motor activity and endocrine functions
What functional area of the cerebral cortex plans complex movements?
Premotor cortex plans complex movements
Which area signals the execution of the complex movements?
Primary motor cortex
Define contralateral projection.
Crossing over of nerve fibers to the opposite side of the body
What deficits may result from injury to the occipital lobe?
Visual deficits
Name the white fiber tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to more caudal regions of the CNS.
Projection fibers
Where is the caudate nucleus located in reference to the lateral ventricles?
Lateral of the lateral ventricles
From where do the reticular nuclei receive input? To where do they project?
Reticular nuclei receive input from all major ascending sensory tracts
- Projecto the cerebrum to maintain alertness
What emotional response does the amygdaloid body stimulate?
Processing and responding to fear
Name the dura mater extension that lies in the longitudinal fissure.
falx cerebri
Which portion of the spinal cord, gray matter or white matter, provides the two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and the brain?
White matter
Which descending fiber tract originates from the primary motor cortex?
pyramidal pathways
What brain structure has the basal nuclei involved in motor activities and is related to Huntington’s disease?
striatum
What brain region has a crossover of fibers of pyramidal tracts?
medulla
What brain structure controls temperature, ANS, hunger, and water balance?
hypothalamus
What brain structure contains the substantia nigra and red nucleus?
midbrain
What brain structure is involved in visual and auditory reflexes and is found in the midbrain?
superior and inferior colliculi
What brain structure is part of diencephalon with vital centers controlling heart rate, some aspects of emotion, and blood pressure?
hypothalamus
What brain structure must have all inputs to cerebral cortex first synapse in one of its nuclei?
thalamus
What brain area has folia and coordinates movement?
cerebellum
What brain region contains the cerebral aqueduct?
midbrain
What brain structure is associated with fourth ventricle and contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII?
pons
What brain structure has thick fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
What part of the brain amplifies or tones down the signals that are transmitted to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
What do the projection fibers in the cerebral white matter form?
internal capsule
What does gray matter include?
- cortex of cerebellum
- red nucleus
- cranial nerve nuclei
What does white matter include?
- pyramids
- internal capsule and corona radiata
- cranial nerve nuclei
- cerebellar peduncle
What controls emotions and related behavioral responses?
limbic system
Name the brain nuclei that make up the basal nuclei.
striatum:
What is the basic function of the basal nuclei?
regulation of voluntary motor movements, habit formation, and cognition
What nucleus arches over the thalamus?
corpus callosum
Where is the limbic system located?
telencephalon and diencephalon regions in the brain
What structures make up the limbic system?
hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and some of the thalamus
How is the limbic system important in behavior?
regulates emotions, memory, motivation, and social behaviors
Describe the location of the reticular formation in the brain.
brainstem: medulla oblongata to midbrain
What does RAS mean and what is its function?
Reticular Activation System: regulates wakefulness, alertness, and arousal levels
List 4 ways in which the CNS is protected.
1) Skull
2) Meninges
3) CSF
4) Blood-Brain Barrier
How is CSF formed and drained? Describe its pathway within and around the brain.
Choroid Plexus: network of capillaries surrounded by epithelial cells
Ependymal Cells
1) CSF is made in lateral ventricles
2) Goes to 3rd ventricle through interventricular foramen
3) CSF passes through cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle
4) Exits through median aperture or lateral apertures
5) Excess flows into the subarachnoid space
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the spinal cord in the vertebral canal?
Superior boundary: foramen magnum
Inferior boundary: conus medullaris
A correctly executed lumbar spinal tap could poke the cauda equina or filum terminale, but not the conus medullaris. Explain.
Lumbar spinal tap is inserted below conus medullaris to avoid damaging the spinal cord.
In the spinothalamic pathway, where are the cell bodies of the first-order neurons located? Of the third-order neurons?
First-order: cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia near spinal cord
Third-order: cell bodies in ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus
A brain surgeon removed a piece of a woman’s skull and cut through all the meninges to reach the brain itself. Name all the layers that were cut, from skin to brain.
1) Skin
2) Subcutaneous Tissue
3) Galea Aponeurotica
4) Pericranium
5) Skull
6) Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
7) Subarachnoid Space
8) Brain
