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Anatomy > Exam 3 Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the adult brain develops from the telencephalon?

A

cerebrum

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2
Q

Which part of the adult brain develops from the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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3
Q

What are the brain nuclei?

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies that form portions of the gray matter

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4
Q

Name the structure that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. Where is it located?

A

Cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain

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5
Q

What is the general function of the pyramids in the brain stem?

A

White fiber tracts connecting the cerebrum to the spinal cord

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6
Q

What is the general function of the vestibular and cochlear nuclei in the brain stem?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei involved with innervation of the head

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7
Q

What is the general function of the cerebral peduncles in the brain stem?

A

White fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting the cerebrum with the brain stem

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8
Q

What is the general function of the periaqueductal gray matter in the brain stem?

A

autonomic behaviors associated with the fight-or-flight response and mediates the response to visceral pain

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9
Q

What is the general function of the trigeminal nuclei in the brain stem?

A

cranial nerve nuclei involved with sensory innervation of the face and motor innervation of the chewing muscles

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10
Q

What are the corpora quadrigemina?

A

4 brain nuclei located on the dorsal surface of the midbrain involved with auditory and visual reflexes

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11
Q

Name the structure that connects the two cerebellar hemispheres.

A

vermis

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12
Q

To which region of the brain do the thalamic neurons send their axonal fibers?

A

cerebral cortex

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13
Q

What part of the diencephalon functions as the main visceral control center? What is meant by the phrase visceral control?

A

Hypothalamus = main control center
Visceral control = regulation of the activities of the visceral organs like autonomic motor activity and endocrine functions

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14
Q

What functional area of the cerebral cortex plans complex movements?

A

Premotor cortex plans complex movements

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15
Q

Which area signals the execution of the complex movements?

A

Primary motor cortex

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16
Q

Define contralateral projection.

A

Crossing over of nerve fibers to the opposite side of the body

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17
Q

What deficits may result from injury to the occipital lobe?

A

Visual deficits

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18
Q

Name the white fiber tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to more caudal regions of the CNS.

A

Projection fibers

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19
Q

Where is the caudate nucleus located in reference to the lateral ventricles?

A

Lateral of the lateral ventricles

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20
Q

From where do the reticular nuclei receive input? To where do they project?

A

Reticular nuclei receive input from all major ascending sensory tracts
- Projecto the cerebrum to maintain alertness

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21
Q

What emotional response does the amygdaloid body stimulate?

A

Processing and responding to fear

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22
Q

Name the dura mater extension that lies in the longitudinal fissure.

A

falx cerebri

23
Q

Which portion of the spinal cord, gray matter or white matter, provides the two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and the brain?

A

White matter

24
Q

Which descending fiber tract originates from the primary motor cortex?

A

pyramidal pathways

25
Q

What brain structure has the basal nuclei involved in motor activities and is related to Huntington’s disease?

A

striatum

26
Q

What brain region has a crossover of fibers of pyramidal tracts?

A

medulla

27
Q

What brain structure controls temperature, ANS, hunger, and water balance?

A

hypothalamus

28
Q

What brain structure contains the substantia nigra and red nucleus?

A

midbrain

29
Q

What brain structure is involved in visual and auditory reflexes and is found in the midbrain?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

30
Q

What brain structure is part of diencephalon with vital centers controlling heart rate, some aspects of emotion, and blood pressure?

A

hypothalamus

31
Q

What brain structure must have all inputs to cerebral cortex first synapse in one of its nuclei?

A

thalamus

32
Q

What brain area has folia and coordinates movement?

A

cerebellum

33
Q

What brain region contains the cerebral aqueduct?

A

midbrain

34
Q

What brain structure is associated with fourth ventricle and contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII?

A

pons

35
Q

What brain structure has thick fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

36
Q

What part of the brain amplifies or tones down the signals that are transmitted to the cerebral cortex?

A

thalamus

37
Q

What do the projection fibers in the cerebral white matter form?

A

internal capsule

38
Q

What does gray matter include?

A
  • cortex of cerebellum
  • red nucleus
  • cranial nerve nuclei
39
Q

What does white matter include?

A
  • pyramids
  • internal capsule and corona radiata
  • cranial nerve nuclei
  • cerebellar peduncle
40
Q

What controls emotions and related behavioral responses?

A

limbic system

41
Q

Name the brain nuclei that make up the basal nuclei.

A

striatum:

42
Q

What is the basic function of the basal nuclei?

A

regulation of voluntary motor movements, habit formation, and cognition

43
Q

What nucleus arches over the thalamus?

A

corpus callosum

44
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon regions in the brain

45
Q

What structures make up the limbic system?

A

hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and some of the thalamus

46
Q

How is the limbic system important in behavior?

A

regulates emotions, memory, motivation, and social behaviors

47
Q

Describe the location of the reticular formation in the brain.

A

brainstem: medulla oblongata to midbrain

48
Q

What does RAS mean and what is its function?

A

Reticular Activation System: regulates wakefulness, alertness, and arousal levels

49
Q

List 4 ways in which the CNS is protected.

A

1) Skull
2) Meninges
3) CSF
4) Blood-Brain Barrier

50
Q

How is CSF formed and drained? Describe its pathway within and around the brain.

A

Choroid Plexus: network of capillaries surrounded by epithelial cells
Ependymal Cells
1) CSF is made in lateral ventricles
2) Goes to 3rd ventricle through interventricular foramen
3) CSF passes through cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle
4) Exits through median aperture or lateral apertures
5) Excess flows into the subarachnoid space

51
Q

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the spinal cord in the vertebral canal?

A

Superior boundary: foramen magnum
Inferior boundary: conus medullaris

52
Q

A correctly executed lumbar spinal tap could poke the cauda equina or filum terminale, but not the conus medullaris. Explain.

A

Lumbar spinal tap is inserted below conus medullaris to avoid damaging the spinal cord.

53
Q

In the spinothalamic pathway, where are the cell bodies of the first-order neurons located? Of the third-order neurons?

A

First-order: cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia near spinal cord
Third-order: cell bodies in ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus

54
Q

A brain surgeon removed a piece of a woman’s skull and cut through all the meninges to reach the brain itself. Name all the layers that were cut, from skin to brain.

A

1) Skin
2) Subcutaneous Tissue
3) Galea Aponeurotica
4) Pericranium
5) Skull
6) Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
7) Subarachnoid Space
8) Brain

Anatomy (22 decks)

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