Exam 4 Chapter 20 Flashcards
What structural features of capillaries make them well suited for their function of nourishing body tissues and removing waste products?
- single layer of endothelial cells (good for diffusion)
- diameter similar to RBC (maximizes surface contact and gas diffusion)
- endothelial clefts and fenestrations contribute to capillary permeability
What components in the wall of a muscular artery help to move blood through these vessels?
thick smooth muscle of tunica media and internal and external elastic membranes
What mechanisms aid in maintaining the movement of venous blood?
- valves that prevent backflow
- normal bod movement
- skeletal muscle pump
Define vasa vasorum.
Small vessels in the tunica externa of larger arteries that supply the outer layers of these larger vessels
Define arterial anastomoses.
junctions between two different arteries that supply a common organ
Define varicose veins.
form when the valves of a vein fail and blood pools in the vessel
Define artery
vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Why is the pulmonary artery illustrated in blue? Where is the blood traveling in relation to the heart?
Blue = poorly oxygenated blood
- carrying blood away from the heart = artery
Name the 3 vessels that branch off the aortic arch and the body region each serves.
- Brachiocephalic trunk = head, neck, thorax, and upper limb on the right side
- left common carotid artery = left portions of the head and neck
- left subclavian artery = thorax and upper limb
Name the four major vessels that supply blood to the brain. What’s the origin?
- right/left internal carotid arteries: start at common carotid arteries
- right/left vertebral arteries: start at subclavian arteries
Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the thigh?
femoral artery
Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the arm?
brachial artery
Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the wrist?
radial artery
Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the foot?
dorsalis pedis artery
Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the neck?
common carotid artery
Name the vessels that branch off the abdominal aorta to supply blood to the digestive organs. Name each organ.
- celiac trunk = stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, part of small intestine
- superior mesenteric artery = supplies the small intestine, ascending colon, and part of the transverse colon
- inferior mesenteric artery = distal portion of transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum
Consider the hepatic veins and the hepatic portal vein. Which organ or organs does each vein drain? Into which vessel does each vein empty?
Hepatic portal vein drains GI tract organs, enters the liver, and empties into the liver sinusoids
Hepatic veins: drains blood from liver and empties into inferior vena cava
In which body region area is the cephalic vein located?
superficial vein of upper limb
In which body region area is the popliteal vein located?
posterior knee
In which body region area is the transverse sinus located?
head
In which body region area is the saphenous vein located?
superficial vein of the lower limb
In which body region area is the azygos vein located?
right posterior thoracic wall
Describe the clinical importance of the median cubital vein and the great saphenous vein.
median cubital vein = common site for blood withdrawal
great saphenous vein = coronary artery bypass surgery
What lifestyle factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis?
smoking, high-fat diet, sedentary lifestyle
How does elevated blood glucose associated with diabetes mellitus affect the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues?
Basement membrane of capillaries thickens in diabetes mellitus
- lowers rate of gas diffusion and nutrients
Which vessel in the fetus carries the most highly oxygenated blood?
umbilical vein
Where is the ductus arteriosus located? How does it function to shunt blood from the pulmonary circuit?
between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
- shunted by aorta, so pulmonary circuit is bypassed
What is true about azygos veins?
It joins the superior vena cava
What is the name of the vein that blood can reach the heart from the abdominopelvic viscera?
inferior vena cava
How is blood flow through the capillaries steady despite the rhythmic pumping action of the heart?
elasticity of all the arteries
What vascular tunic forms the valves of veins?
intima
What vascular tunic is the thickest in the veins?
externa
What vascular tunic has the largest vasa varsorum?
externa
What vascular tunic is the outer one and is mostly connective tissue?
externa
What vascular tunic contains endothelium?
intima
What vascular tunic is mostly smooth muscle?
media
Which vessel is bilaterally symmetrical?
internal carotid artery
Which artery is missing from the sequence: Blood leaves the heart and passes through the aorta, the right subclavian artery, the axillary and brachial arteries, and through either the radial or ulnar artery to a palmar arch?
brachiocephalic before right subclavian artery
What veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava?
lumbar veins, hepatic veins, renal veins
What artery is used to measure pulse rate at the wrist?
radial artery
Which artery is missing from the sequence: Blood leaves the heart and passes through the aorta, the left common carotid artery, and the middle cerebral artery?
internal carotid artery
What 2 veins are missing from the sequence: (draining superficial venous blood from the leg) Blood enters the great saphenous vein, femoral vein, inferior vena cava, and right atrium?
external and common iliacs
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
rectum and part of the colon
Which 2 vessels are missing from the sequence: (draining venous blood from small intestine) blood enters superior mesenteric vein, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, and right atrium?
hepatic portal vein and liver sinusoids
Which vessel is missing from the sequence: (circulation to and from placenta) Blood in fetus goes from left ventricle to the aorta, to a common iliac artery, to an internal iliac artery, to an umbilical artery, to capillaries in the placenta, to the ductus venosus, to a hepatic vein, to the inferior vena cava, to the right atrium, to the foramen ovale, to the left atrium, and to the left ventricle?
umbilical vein
What are examples of pressure points for major arteries?
- medial bicipital furrow on arm
- midinguinal point in the femoral triangle
What is considered a pulse point?
- anatomical snuff box
- inferior margin of mandible anterior to masseter muscle
- medial bicipital furrow on arm
- dorsum of foot between the first two metatarsals
What layer of the vein is responsible for changes in the vein’s diameter?
tunica media
