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Anatomy > Exam 3 Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue forms the receptor cells for taste?

A

epithelial cells

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2
Q

What type of cell are the olfactory receptors?

A

bipolar neurons

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3
Q

What happens when bipolar neurons are damaged?

A

they are replaced

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4
Q

What is conjunctiva and where is it located?

A

transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye

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5
Q

What muscle is not functioning in a person whose eye turns medially?

A

lateral rectus

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6
Q

What nerve innervates lateral rectus?

A

abducens (VI)

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7
Q

Differentiate the cornea from the choroid with reference to the location, structure, and function of each.

A

Corea: fibrous layer of the eye
- composed of dense connective tissue sandwiched between two layers of epithelium
Choroid: middle vascular layer of the eye
- blood vessels nourish the eye and its pigment absorb light

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8
Q

What portion of the visual field is lost in a person with degeneration of the macula lutea?

A

straight ahead

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9
Q

What is the aqueous humor? Where is it located? What are its functions?

A

Clear watery fluid that fills the anterior segment
- supplies nutrients and oxygen to the avascular lens and cornea
- maintains constant intraocular pressure

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10
Q

In a normal eye, when the lens accommodates for viewing close objects, does it become rounder or more oval in shape?

A

rounder

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11
Q

Why do middle-aged to older adults develop difficulty focusing on close objects?

A

Lens become less elastic as we age.
- accommodation for viewing close objects requires elasticity of the lens

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12
Q

Trace the visual pathway from the medial half of the retina of the right eye to the cerebral cortex.

A

1) Axons from ganglion cells from the medial half of the retina extend through the right optic nerve.
2) Passes through the optic chiasma to the left optic tract
3) Synapse in the left lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus with neurons that extend via the optic radiation to the left primary visual cortex

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13
Q

What structure separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear cavity?

A

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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14
Q

Name the four openings or holes into the middle ear cavity.

A
  • pharyngotympanic tube
  • round window
  • oval window
  • mastoid antrum
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15
Q

Which auditory ossicle abuts the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

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16
Q

What is the difference between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth of the internal ear?

A

membranous: continuous series of membranous sacs and ducts filled with endolymph (contains sensory receptors for hearing and equilibrium)
bony: cavity within petrous portion of the temporal bone that surrounds the membranous labyrinth

17
Q

Where is perilymph located within the cochlea?

A

fills the cavity of the bony labyrinth or the cochlea, scala vestibuli, and scala tympani

18
Q

Where in the cochlear duct is the vestibular membrane located?

A

roof of the cochlear duct

19
Q

Where in the cochlear duct is the basilar membrane located?

A

forms the floor

20
Q

Where in the cochlear duct is the tectorial membrane located?

A

sits atop the sensory hair cells

21
Q

Vibrations in which membrane stimulate the hair cells of the spiral organ?

A

tectorial membrane

22
Q

Which sensory receptors monitor stationary head position and linear movements of the head? Where are these receptors located?

A

maculae of the utricle and saccule

23
Q

What type of deafness results from damage to the cells of the spiral ganglion?

A

sensorineural deafness

24
Q

What brain regions receive input from the vestibular nerves and process information on equilibrium?

A

vestibular nuclei of the medulla and cerebellum

25
Q

What sense is involved in sensory impulses transmitted over the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves?

A

taste

26
Q

What part of the eye is white, tough, and opague?

A

sclera

27
Q

Where does the transmission of sound vibrations through the internal ear occur?

A

fluid

28
Q

Of the neurons in the retina, which form the optic nerve?

A

ganglion neurons

29
Q

In the brain, where is taste information transmitted through?

A

insula lobe, solitary nucleus, thalamus

30
Q

Where does conduction of sound from the middle ear to the internal ear occur?

A

Vibration of stapes in the oval window

31
Q

Where are the receptors for static equilibrium that report the position of the head in space relative to the pull of gravity located?

A

maculae

31
Q

What is part of the spiral organ?

A

tectorial membrane, inner hair cells, outer hair cells

32
Q

What would be affected from the paralysis of a medial rectus muscle?

A

refraction

33
Q

What’s the order that a light ray passes through the refractory structures of the eye?

A

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

34
Q

What extrinsic eye muscles originate from the common tendinous ring?

A

superior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus

35
Q

What are some basic taste sensation?

A

bitter, sour, sweet

36
Q

What and where is the optic disc and why is it important?

A

Where optic nerve fibers exit the eye (blind spot because lack of photoreceptors)
- on the retina
- understanding visual field deficits and diagnosing conditions (can indicate damage or pressure in the eye)

37
Q

Name two special senses whose receptor cells are replaced throughout life, and two special senses whose receptor cells are replaced so slowly that there can be no functional regeneration.

A

Can be replaced: Taste and smell
Can’t be replaced: Hearing and vision

38
Q

Describe the function and the innervation of both the sphincter and dilator muscles of the pupil.

A

Sphincter function: constricts pupil to regulate light entry
Sphincter innervation: parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve (III)
Dilator muscle function: dilates the pupil to allow more light in
Dilator muscle innervation: sympathetic nervous system

Anatomy (22 decks)

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