Exam 1 Chapter 4 Flashcards
Describe the location of the apical region of an epithelial tissue. How can this region be easily identified in a micrograph?
it’s free, unattached surface of the epithelium
- abuts an open space, apparent as a white space
Why are cuboidal or columnar cells found in epithelia that function in secretion and absorption? List three locations of cuboidal epithelium.
larger cells allow for more room for cellular machinery necessary for producing cellular secretions
- kidney tubules, glands, and ovary surface
Why is columnar epithelium not found in locations where diffusion occurs? What type of epithelium is found in these locations?
Columnar epithelium is too thick for diffusion
- simple squamous epithelium is better
What type of gland are goblet cells? What do they secrete?
unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin
What gland secretes into the tissue fluid?
endocrine gland
What feature distinguishes a simple exocrine gland from a compound exocrine gland?
Simple exocrine glands have unbranched ducts. Compound ducts are branched.
How do cilia differ from microvilli?
microvilli = short extensions of plasma membrane with actin microfilaments that extend into the cytoskeleton; increase surface area of the plasma membrane
cilia = long extension with microtubules in pairs linked with motor proteins and centriole at the base
How do the intermediate filaments within epithelial cells function to bind together the entire sheet of epithelia?
they extend across the cell and anchor at desmosomes on the other side. linker proteins from the desmosomes link to adjacent cells
What other types of tissues contain gap junctions, in addition to epithelial tissue?
embryonic tissues, connective tissues, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
How do epithelial tissues differ from connective tissues in the arrangement of cells in each tissue?
Epithelial tissues contain lots of cells of similar type packed closely together.
Connective tissues are separated from each other by extensive extracellular material
Distinguish the matrix of a connective tissue from the ground substance.
ground substance is a gel-like material that functions to hold fluid
Which structural element of connective tissue resists tension? Which resists compression? Which allows for recoil? Which element produces the matrix?
Collagen fibers in connective tissue resist tension.
Ground substance resists compression.
Elastic fibers allow for recoil.
Blast cells produce tissue matrix first and osteocytes secrete matrix components to keep the matrix healthy.
How does loose connective tissue differ from dense connective tissue?
loose connective tissues are separated by ground substance.
dense connective tissue is packed closely together.
Which type of connective tissue forms the ligaments and tendons?
dense regular connective tissue that
Which type of connective tissue forms the hypodermis of the skin?
adipose and loose areolar connective tissue
Which type of connective tissue forms the tissue that underlies epithelia?
loose areolar connective tissue
Which type of connective tissue forms the lymph nodes?
reticular connective tissues
Which connective tissues contain collagen fibers?
loose areolar, adipose, dense regular, and irregular connective tissues, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, and bone
In which connective tissues are the cells located in lacunae?
cartilage and bone tissues
Which component of cartilage tissue functions to resist compressive forces?
gel-like ground substance
Which nerve cells function to transmit electrical impulses?
neurons
Distinguish between the terms striated and stratified. Which tissues are striated? Which tissues are stratified?
striated = striped: muscle tissue
stratified = layered: epithelial tissue
An epithelium has several cell layers with flat cells in the apical layer. What is it?
stratified squamous epithelium
Simple ciliated columnar epithelium is found where?
small bronchi
What epithelial type lines inside of stomach and most of intestines?
simple columnar
What epithelial type lines inside of mouth?
stratified squamous
What epithelial type lines much of respiratory tract including trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
What epithelial type is mesothelium?
simple squamous
What epithelial type lines inside of urinary bladder?
transitional
What can an exocrine gland do?
act locally, produce glycoprotein, and secrete digestive enzymes
What tissue type are intervertebral discs?
fibrocartilage
What tissue type is external ear?
elastic cartilage
What tissue type is blood?
plasma
What tissue type is pubic symphysis?
fibrocartilage
What tissue type is epiglottis?
elastic cartilage
What epithelial tissue functions in diffusion and filtration?
simple squamous epithelium
What epithelial tissue functions in protection?
stratified and transitional epithelium
What epithelial tissue functions in secretion and absorption?
simple columnar epithelium
What epithelial tissue changes chape as the tissue stretches?
transitional epithelium
What epithelial tissue produces movement of material?
ciliated epithelium
Are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, or reticular fibers found in bone?
collagen fibers
Are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, or reticular fibers found in loose areolar connective tissue?
all of them
Are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, or reticular fibers found in dense irregular connective tissue?
collagen fibers
Are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, or reticular fibers found in reticular connective tissue?
reticular fibers
Are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, or reticular fibers found in fibrocartilage?
collagen fibers
What muscle tissue is striated?
skeletal and cardiac muscle
What is neuroglia?
support cells that aid neurons
What are some examples of connective tissue cells?
fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cell, chondrocytes
What is the function of ground substance in connective tissue?
hold tissue fluid
Define tissue.
group of cells working together
Explain the classification of multicellular exocrine glands and supply and example of each class.
Duct structure!
1) Simple glands: single, unbranched (intestinal glands)
2) Compound glands: branched (mammary glands
3) Tubuloalveolar glands: tubular and alveolar (salivary glands)
Name 4 functions of areolar connective tissue and relate each function to a specific structural part of this tissue.
1) Support and strength: collagen and elastic fibers
2) Protection: gel-like ground substance
3) Flexibility: elastic fibers
4) Nutrient transport: loose arrangement facilitating diffusion
What is fascia?
sheet of connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
Where does tissue fluid come from? What is the function?
Comes from blood plasma through capillary filtration
- supplies nutrients, removes waste, maintains hydration, and facilitates gas exchange in tissues
Give the function and location of loose areolar connective tissue.
supports, cushions, and allows for movement of organs and tissues
- found beneath epithelial tissue, surrounding organs, between muscles
Give the function and location of loose adipose connective tissue.
Stores energy in the form of fat
- found beneath the skin
Give the function and location of loose reticular connective tissue.
provides support for lymphatic organs
- found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
Give the function and location of dense irregular connective tissue.
provides support and resistance to tension
- found in dermis of the skin
Give the function and location of dense regular connective tissue.
provides strong attachment between structures and withstands tension
- found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
Give the function and location of elastic connective tissue.
allows tissues to stretch and recoil, providing flexibility
- walls of large arteries
Define exocrine gland and give an example of a one-celled exocrine gland.
Exocrine gland secretes directly onto an epithelial surface through ducts
- goblet cell
Name 2 specific tissues that regenerate well and 2 that regenerate poorly.
well: epithelial and bone tissue
poor: nervous and cardiac muscle tissue
What noncellular material is the body made up of?
ground substance
What is the difference between mucous membrane and serous membrane?
mucous membrane = lamina propria and lines cavities open to exterior
serous membrane = connective tissue and lines closed body cavities
What is the main type of tissue in a ligament or tendon?
dense regular connective tissue
What is the main type of tissue in a bone of the leg?
osseous (bone) tissue
What is the main type of tissue in a muscle (like the biceps)?
skeletal muscle tissue
What is the main type of tissue in the brain?
nervous tissue
What is the main type of tissue in the flexible skeleton in the outer ear?
elastic cartilage tissue
What is the main type of tissue in the contractile wall of the heart?
cardiac muscle tissue
What is the main type of tissue in kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
