Exam 2 Chapter 9 Flashcards
Define each of the following terms: synarthrosis, syndesmosis, synchondrosis. Which of these terms is a functional classification of joints?
- Synarthrosis: immovable joint (functional joint classification)
- syndesmosis: fibrous joint where adjoining bones are connected by ligaments (structural classifications)
- synchondrosis: cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage unites adjoining bones (structural classifications)
What types of cartilage are found in a symphysis joint?
hyaline cartilage (covers articular joint surface) and fibrocartilage (unites adjoining bones)
Name one location of symphysis joint.
between vertebral bodies and joining the pubic bones
List the 6 features common to all synovial joints.
1) Articular cartilage
2) Joint cavity
3) Articular capsule
4) Synovial fluid
5) Reinforcing ligaments
6) Nerves and vessels
How does an articular disc differ from articular cartilage?
Articular disc is composed of fibrocartilage and is located within the joint cavity.
Articular cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage and covers the adjoining surfaces of all synovial joints.
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
Nourishes the cells of the articular cartilage and lubricates the joint surfaces
Name all the movements that occur at the elbow. Classify this joint by shape and whether it’s uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial.
flexion and extension
- uniaxial hinge joint
Name all the movements that occur at the hip. Classify this joint by shape and whether it’s uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial.
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
medial and lateral rotation
circumduction
- multiaxial ball-and-socket joint
Name all the movements that occur at the ankle. Classify this joint by shape and whether it’s uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial.
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
- uniaxial hinge joint
Name all the movements that occur at the atlantoaxial joint. Classify this joint by shape and whether it’s uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial.
Rotation
- uniaxial pivot joint
Name all the movements that occur at the metacarpophalangeal joint. Classify this joint by shape and whether it’s uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial.
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Circumduction
- biaxial condylar joint
Define pronation and supination. At what joints do these movements occur?
Pronation = medial rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly
Supination = lateral rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly
Movement occurs at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Both the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints contain an articular disc. What is the function of this disc in each of these joints?
They divide each joint cavity and enable multiple complex movements of each joint.
Which other joint described in this chapter contains an articular disc?
The knee
Of the shoulder, elbow, or wrist, which joint is the most stable? Which is the least stable?
Elbow = most stable
Shoulder = least stable
What structures contribute most to stability of the shoulder joint?
Muscle tendons that cross the shoulder
Which forearm bone forms part of the elbow joint? Which forms part of the wrist joint?
Ulna = part of elbow
Radius = part of wrist joint
Name the intracapsular ligaments found in the hip and the knee.
Ligament of the head of the femur
Which ligament is injured in an ankle sprain resulting from forceful inversion?
lateral ligament
The articular surfaces of the knee contribute little to the stability of this joint. What additional structural features aid in stabilizing the knee?
Medial and lateral menisci
Extensive capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular ligaments
Muscle tone in the quadriceps and hamstring muscles
By what age of development are synovial joints formed?
Week 8 of fetal development
Why is an injured joint more susceptible to repeat of the injury following a sprain or subluxation?
A sprain stretches the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments.
What type of joint has no joint cavity?
fibrous and cartilaginous joints
What joint has types sutures and syndesmoses?
fibrous joints
What joint has dense connective tissue filling the space between the bones?
fibrous joints
What are almost all the joints in the skull?
fibrous joints
What joint has types synchondroses and symphses?
cartilaginous joints
What joints are all diarthroses?
synovial joints
What joint is the most common type in the body?
synovial joints
What joint is nearly all synarthrotic?
fibrous and cartilaginous joints
What type of joint are shoulder, hip, knee, and elbow joints?
synovial joints
What are some plane joints?
intercarpal joint, intertarsal joint, femoropatellar joint
What is the most important factor in determining the stability of synovial joints?
ligaments and muscle tone
What terms are related to the TMJ? (temporomandibular joint)
mandibular fossa, articular tubercle, lateral ligament
When does supination occurs?
palm face anteriorly
What part of a synovial joint keeps the bone ends from crushing when compressed?
articular cartilage and synovial fluid
What part of a synovial joint resists tension placed on joints?
ligaments and fibrous layer of capsule and muscle tendon
What part of a synovial joint is a lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces?
synovial fluid
What part of a synovial joint helps prevent dislocation?
ligaments and fibrous layer of capsule and muscle tendon
What joint contains the medial meniscus?
knee joint
What joint contains the annular ligament of the radius?
elbow joint
What joint contains the saddle joint?
sternoclavicular joint
What joint contains the articular disc?
sternoclavicular joint
temporomandibular joint
knee joint
What joint contains the rotator cuff?
shoulder joint
What joint contains the anterior cruciate ligament?
knee joint
What joint contains the deltoid ligament?
ankle joint
What joint contains the ulnar collateral ligament?
elbow joint
wrist joint
What joint contains the fibular collateral ligament?
knee joint
What type of synovial joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?
pivot joint
What type of synovial joint is the trapezium and metacarpal I?
saddle joint
What type of synovial joint is the knee (tibiofemoral)?
hinge joint
What type of synovial joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint?
condylar joint
What type of synovial joint is the wrist joint?
condylar jiont
What type of synovial joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
condylar joint
What type of synovial joint is the atlantoaxial joint?
pivot joint
What type of synovial joint is the sternocostal joints, ribs 2-7?
plane joint
What type of synovial joint is the intervertebral joints between articular processes?
plane joint
What type of synovial joint is the acromioclavicular?
plane joint
Define joint.
rigid elements of the skeleton
- can be classified by function or structure
Where does synovial fluid come from?
capillaries in the synovial membrane
- secreted by fibroblasts
While a partially torn ligament can heal itself, a completely torn ligament cannot. Why?
A partially torn ligament can heal because some fibers are still intact, allowing for natural healing processes with sufficient blood supply.
Name 2 specific examples of a hinge joint.
elbow and interphalangeal joints
Name 2 specific plane joints.
intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Name 2 specific condylar joints.
Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) and wrist joints
Name 2 specific ball-and-socket joints.
Shoulder and hip joints
What is the most dangerous injury that the intracapsular ligaments tend to suffer from? How can it be treated?
A complete tear
- ACL has limited blood supply so surgery is needed
What is muscle tone? How does it help to stabilize joints?
A constant low level of contractile force generated by a muscle even when it is not causing movement
- keeps tension on the muscle tendons that cross over joints just external to the joint capsule
