Exam 2 Chapter 7 Flashcards
Name the bones that form the anterior cranial fossa.
frontal bone
ethmoid bone
sphenoid bone
Name the bone that contains crista galli.
ethmoid bone
Name the bone that contains mastoid process.
temporal bone
Name the bone that contains nuchal line.
occipital bone
Name the bone that contains sella turcica.
sphenoid bone
Name the bone that contains supraorbital foramen.
frontal bone
Name the bone that contains zygomatic process.
temporal bone
Which 4 bones articulate with the left parietal bone? Name the sutures that join these bones to the left parietal bone.
Right parietal bone via sagittal suture
Frontal bone via coronal suture
Left temporal bone via the squamous suture
Occipital bone via lambdoid suture
Name all the bones that articulate the maxilla.
zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal, frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, inferior nasal concha
Which bones or bony processes form the hard palate?
horizontal plates of the palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae
What are the alveolar processes and on which bones are they located?
Superior margin of the mandible and the inferior margin of the maxillae that have teeth in the sockets (alveoli)
Which bones form the nasal conchae? What is the function of those?
Ethmoid bone (superior and middle) and inferior nasal conchae
- create turbulence in the air and function to warm, moisten and filter the air
Which of the bones that form the orbit are cranial bones?
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid bone
Which of the bones that form the orbit are facial bones?
lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic, palatine bone
Which paranasal sinuses are located along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoidal air cells and maxillary sinuses
What type of membrane lines all the paranasal sinuses?
mucous membrane
Which portion of the intervertebral disc expands under compression?
nucleus pulposus and the inner core of the intervertebral disc
Which portion of the intervertebral disc resists twisting forces?
outer rings of fibrocartilage and the anulus fibrosus
When and how do the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column develop?
Cervical curvature: 3 months when infants can hold up their head
Lumbar curvature: 1 year, when babies start to walk
Why do intervertebral discs usually herniate in the posterolateral direction?
anulus fibrosus is thinnest posteriorly but posterior longitudinal ligaments prevent direct posterior herniation
What does the superior articular process of a vertebra articulate with?
inferior articular process of the vertebra
Name one feature that is unique for all cervical vertebrae.
All cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina
How can you distinguish thoracic vertebra T12 from lumbar vertebra L1?
T12 has costal facets on its vertebra body
What part of the vertebra form the median sacral crest?
Fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
Define the sternal angle. Which rib articulates with the sternum here?
Sternal angle: junction between manubrium and the body of the sternum
- rib 2 articulates
What specific features of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the head of a rib?
superior and inferior costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae
Where does the tubercle of a rib articulate?
transverse costal facet
Which skull bones form as two individual bones that fuse during childhood to form a single bone in the adult?
frontal bone and mandible
What bones are connected by the coronal suture?
frontal and parietal
What is the keystone bone of the cranium
frontal
What is the keystone bone of the face?
maxillary
What are the bones that form the hard palate?
maxillary and palatine
What bone contains the foramen magnum?
occipital
What bone forms the chin?
mandible
What bone contains paranasal sinuses?
ethmoid
frontal
maxillary
sphenoid
What bone contains mastoid air cells?
temporal
What is lordosis?
accentuated lumbar curvature
What part of the sternum articulate at the sternal angle?
manubrium and body
What is the only rib whose shaft is flattened in the horizontal plane, instead of vertically?
first rib
What terms are used to describe the sternum?
xiphoid process, manubrium, sternal angle
What vertebrae has no spinous process?
atlas only
What vertebrae has a transverse foramen?
cervical vertebrae
What vertebrae has superior articular facets?
all vertebrae
What vertebrae has dense process?
axis only
What vertebrae has transverse costal facets?
thoracic vertebrae
What vertebrae has a kidney-shaped body?
lumbar vertebrae
What vertebrae has a forked spinous process?
cervical vertebrae except C1 and C7
What vertebrae has a circular vertebral foramen?
thoracic vertebrae
What vertebrae has transverse process?
all vertebrae
What vertebrae has articular facets directed medially/laterally?
lumbar vertebrae
What foramen is on the temporal bone?
external acoustic meatus
What foramen is on the sphenoid bone?
foramen ovale
What foramen is on the maxillary bone?
infraorbital foramen
What foramen is on the occipital bone?
hypoglossal canal
What foramen is on the ethmoid bone?
cribriform foramina
Name the 4 normal vertebral curvatures. Which are primary and which are secondary?
1) cervical curvature - primary
2) thoracic curvature - primary
3) lumbar curvature - secondary
4) sacral curvature - secondary
List two specific structural characteristics each for cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae that would enable anyone to identify each type correctly.
Cervical vertebrae: transverse foramina and spinous processes
Thoracic vertebrae: costal facet and circular vertebral foramen
Lumbar vertebrae: thin transverse process and large, thick vertebral bodies
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
shock absorbers during movement
Distinguish the anulus fibrosus from the nucleus pulposus of a disc.
1) Nucleus pulposus is inner sphere (anulus fibrosus is 12 concentric rings)
2) Nucleus pulposus = gelatinous rubber ball (anulus fibrosus = ligament and fibrocartilage)
3) Nucleus pulposus = flexibility and shock absorber (anulus fibrosus = strength and flexibility)
Which part herniates in the condition called prolapsed disc?
rupture of anulus fibrosus and protrusion of nucleus pulposus
Define and give examples of true ribs.
superior 7 pairs that directly attach to the sternum by their costal cartilages
- AKA vertebrosternal ribs
Define and give examples of false ribs.
inferior 5 pairs (ribs 8-12) that attach to the sternum indirectly or not at all
- AKA vertebrochondral ribs
Define and give examples of floating ribs.
Ribs 11 and 12 have no anterior attachments
- AKA vertebral ribs
Describe where the 4 major fontanelles are located in relation to the major sutures of the skull.
1) anterior fontanelle = intersection of frontal, sagittal, and coronal suture
2) posterior fontanelle = lambdoid and sagittal suture (near occipital bone)
3) Sphenoidal fontanelle = squamous, coronal, and sphenoid suture
4) mastoid fontanelle = parietal, occipital, and mastoid suture
Identify the location of the foramen magnum and name the structures that pass through them.
in the occipital bone
- allows passage of the spinal cord from the brain stem to vertebral canal
Identify the location of the stylomastoid foramen and name the structures that pass through them.
in temporal bone
- passageway for cranial nerve VII ( facial nerve)
Identify the location of the foramen ovale and name the structures that pass through them.
Sphenoid bone
- passageway for mandibular division of cranial nerve V
Identify the location of the supraorbital foramina and name the structures that pass through them.
Frontal bone
- passageway for supraorbital arteries and nerves
Describe how a typical true rib articulates with both the vertebral column and the sternum.
Head of the rib articulates with vertebral body and intervertebral disc of the corresponding thoracic vertebra.
Tubercle of the rib articulates with transverse process of the same thoracic vertebra.
Costal cartilage attaches to the sternum directly/indirectly through the costal cartilage of the ribs anterior to it.
